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budget crisis

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1 budget crisis
1. бюджетный кризис
бюджетный кризис
Ситуация, когда резко обостряется дефицит бюджета, и государство теряет возможность выполнения своих обязательств – прежде всего социальных обязательств. Возникает опасность социального взрыва. Яркий пример – бюджетный кризис в России 1965-66 гг. Начиная с 1992 г., уровень государственных доходов, при некоторых колебаниях, снижался постепенно. Однако в 1996 г. падение доходов стало обвальным. Помимо роста недоимок, этому способствовал также рост масштабов противозаконного уклонения от налогов (См. Оливера-Танзи эффект) самыми разными способами и, что очень важно, за счет «черного нала» то есть «путем осуществления хозяйственных операций наличными деньгами, не отражаемыми в бухгалтерской отчетности». Из-за широкого распространения взаимных неплатежей существенно снизилась облагаемая база налога на прибыль и НДС. В первой половине 1996 г. объем дебиторской задолженности почти утроился. Нарастал процесс бартеризации экономики (см. Бартер), быстрого распространения многоходовых схем безденежного взаимозачета долгов между поставщиками и их клиентами. Минфин использовал для налоговых освобождений товарный кредит и другие формы бартера. В результате таких операций многие предприятия могли вести свое хозяйство при минимальных объемах денежных средств. Порой у них на расчетных счетах просто не оказывалось средств на выплату налогов, и это дополнительно приводило к росту недоимок в бюджет. При осуществлении зачетов между налогоплательщиками, бюджетом и получателями бюджетных средств, так же как и при бартерных сделках, обычно использовались заниженные нерыночные цены, а значит, снижалась налоговая база. Для преодоления бюджетного кризиса правительство было вынуждено брать деньги в долг, в огромных масштабах размещая ГКО (см. Государственные краткосрочные обязательства). В 1998 году это отозвалось известным экономическим кризисом, потрясшим страну. Не только Россия, но все страны переходной экономики переживали бюджетный кризис (некоторые — не однажды). На ранних этапах постсоциалистического перехода бюджетные (то же: фискальные) кризисы создавали серьезные угрозы самому существованию новых социальных институтов. Динамика постсоциалистического бюджетного кризиса хорошо изучена, прежде всего, на материалах Восточной Европы. Польский экономист М. Домбровский выделяет четыре его этапа: –– фискальная дестабилизация, предшествующая началу реформ; –– макроэкономическая стабилизация, связанная с либерализацией экономики; –– вторичный фискальный кризис, следующий за стабилизацией; –– восстановление фискального потенциала, связанное с экономическим оживлением и развертыванием реформ в системе государственных финансов. ( См. О природе бюджетных кризисов этапа финансовой стабилизации // Е.Гайдар, Собр. соч. т. 6 с. 322) Для преодоления бюджетного кризиса ключевым вопросом становится способность правительства проводить необходимые реформы — реформу социальных фондов и системы социальной поддержки, реформу межбюджетных отношений и налоговой системы. Без этого бюджетный кризис преодолеть невозможно.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

Тематики
- экономика
EN
- budget crisis
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > budget crisis
2 budget crisis

Финансы: бюджетный кризис (англ. термин взят из статьи в газете Los Angeles Times)

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > budget crisis
3 budget crisis

бюджетный кризис

Politics english-russian dictionary > budget crisis
4 crisis

n (pl crises)

кризис

to aggravate a crisis — обострять / усугублять кризис

to alleviate crisis — ослаблять кризис

to avert a crisis — предотвращать кризис

to be absorbed in the domestic crisis — быть поглощенным своим внутренним кризисом

to be gripped by / to be in the midst of / to be locked in a crisis — быть охваченным кризисом

to bring about a crisis — вызывать кризис, служить толчком к началу кризиса

to bring an end to a crisis — положить конец кризису

to bring the government out of the crisis — положить конец правительственному кризису

to calm the crisis — ослаблять кризис

to come to grips with a crisis — пытаться урегулировать кризис

to create a crisis — создавать кризис / кризисное положение

to deal with a crisis — справляться с кризисом

to deepen a crisis — обострять / усугублять кризис

to de-escalate / to defuse the crisis — сокращать масштабы кризиса, ослаблять кризис

to deter a crisis — сдерживать развитие кризиса

to discuss the way forward over the crisis — обсуждать дальнейшие шаги по преодолению кризиса

to ease the crisis — сокращать масштабы кризиса, ослаблять кризис

to emerge from a crisis with flying colors — выходить с честью из кризиса

to engineer a crisis — провоцировать кризис

to exacerbate a crisis — обострять / усугублять кризис

to exploit a crisis — воспользоваться кризисом

to face a crisis — сталкиваться с кризисом; стоять на пороге кризиса

to foment a crisis — разжигать кризис

to force the crisis to a speedy resolution — прилагать усилия для скорейшего разрешения кризиса

to get out of a crisis — выбираться из кризиса

to go through a crisis — испытывать кризис

to grapple with a crisis — бороться с кризисом

to handle a crisis — справляться с кризисом

to head off a crisis — предотвращать кризис

to help smb out of crisis — помогать кому-л. преодолеть кризис

to herald a crisis — возвещать о наступлении кризиса

to ignite a crisis — вызывать кризис, служить толчком к началу кризиса

to limp / to lurch from one crisis to another — идти от кризиса к кризису

to meet a crisis — столкнуться с кризисом

to overcome a crisis — преодолевать кризис

to pass through a crisis — переживать кризис

to plunge a country into a crisis — ввергать страну в кризис

to precipitate a crisis — ускорять наступление кризиса

to prevent a crisis — предотвращать кризис

to provoke a crisis — провоцировать кризис

to pull a country out of a crisis — выводить страну из кризиса

to put an end to a crisis — положить конец кризису

to rescue a country from a crisis — выводить страну из кризиса

to resolve a crisis — преодолевать / разрешать кризис, справляться с кризисом

to respond inadequately to a crisis — принимать недостаточные меры для преодоления кризиса

to see the crisis through — выдерживать кризис

to settle / to solve a crisis — преодолевать / разрешать кризис, справляться с кризисом

to spark off / to trigger (off) a crisis — вызывать кризис, служить толчком к началу кризиса

to tackle a crisis — пытаться урегулировать кризис

to take the heat out of the crisis — ослаблять кризис

to widen a crisis — увеличивать масштабы кризиса

to worsen a crisis — обострять / усугублять кризис

- acute crisis
- affected by the crisis
- against the backdrop of a crisis

- aggravation of a crisis
- agrarian crisis
- agricultural crisis
- amidst the worst crisis
- artificial crisis
- balance-of-payments crisis
- bilateral crisis
- budget crisis
- cabinet crisis
- chronic crisis
- consequences of a crisis
- constitutional crisis
- crisis blew up
- crisis broke out
- crisis came to a head
- crisis continues unabated
- crisis erupted
- crisis flared
- crisis gripped the country
- crisis is brewing
- crisis is building up
- crisis is deepening by the hour
- crisis is reaching a climax
- crisis of confidence
- crisis of power
- crisis of the ruling regime
- crisis spills over into war
- current crisis
- cyclical crisis
- deep crisis
- deepening crisis
- deepening mood of crisis
- deep-seated crisis
- diplomatic solution to a crisis
- dire crisis
- ecological crisis
- economic crisis
- elimination of a crisis
- energy crisis
- every possible avenue has got to be explored to find a political solution to the crisis
- exchange crisis
- financial crisis
- fiscal crisis
- food crisis
- fuel crisis
- general crisis
- global crisis
- government crisis
- governmental crisis
- grave crisis
- Gulf crisis
- home crisis
- hostage crisis
- housing crisis
- imminent crisis
- impact of a crisis
- in a state of crisis
- in the grip of a crisis

- industrial crisis
- internal crisis
- internal political crisis
- international crisis
- intractable crisis
- looming crisis
- ministerial crisis
- monetary and financial crisis
- mounting crisis
- national crisis
- offset of the crisis
- oil crisis
- on the verge of a crisis
- peaceful outcome to a crisis
- periodic crisis
- perpetual crisis
- petroleum crisis
- phase of a crisis
- political crisis
- profound crisis
- protracted crisis
- raw-materials crisis
- recurrent crisis
- resolution of a crisis
- serious crisis
- settling of a crisis
- severe crisis
- signs of a crisis
- social crisis
- spiraling crisis
- underlying crisis
- unparalleled crisis
- way out of the crisis
- world crisis

Politics english-russian dictionary > crisis
5 budget deficit
1. дефицит бюджета
2. бюджетный дефицит
бюджетный дефицит
Превышение государственных расходов над государственными доходами, которое должно покрываться либо за счет займов, либо путем денежной эмиссии. Кейнсианцы утверждали, что государству во время экономических спадов (recession) следует поддерживать бюджетный дефицит, чтобы стимулировать совокупный спрос (см.: pump priming (дефицитное финансирование)). Монетаристы и неоклассики макроэкономики, напротив, полагают, что бюджетный дефицит просто стимулирует инфляцию (inflation) и препятствует росту частных капиталовложений. В настоящее время большинство экономистов придерживается той точки зрения, что, по крайней мере в среднем государству следует стремиться к сбалансированному бюджету, и что постоянный бюджетный дефицит надо ликвидировать путем либо сокращения государственных расходов, либо увеличения налогообложения. В некоторых случаях во время бума в результате получения доходов, превышающих расходы, может возникать бюджетный избыток (budget surplus).
[ http://www.vocable.ru/dictionary/533/symbol/97]

бюджетный дефицит
Ситуация, когда расходы правительства превышают его доходы. Подробнее см. Дефицит бюджета. Бюджетный кризис (budget crisis) – ситуация, когда резко обостряется дефицит бюджета, и государство теряет возможность выполнения своих обязательств – прежде всего социальных обязательств. Возникает опасность социального взрыва. Яркий пример – бюджетный кризис в России 1965-66 гг. Начиная с 1992 г. уровень государственных доходов, при некоторых колебаниях, снижался постепенно. Однако в 1996 г. падение доходов стало обвальным. Помимо роста недоимок, этому способствовал также рост масштабов противозаконного уклонения от налогов (См. Оливера-Танзи эффект) самыми разными способами и, что очень важно, за счет «черного нала» то есть «путем осуществления хозяйственных операций наличными деньгами, не отражаемыми в бухгалтерской отчетности». Из-за широкого распространения взаимных неплатежей существенно снизилась облагаемая база налога на прибыль и НДС. В первой половине 1996 г. объем дебиторской задолженности почти утроился. Нарастал процесс бартеризации экономики (см. Бартер), быстрого распространения многоходовых схем безденежного взаимозачета долгов между поставщиками и их клиентами. Минфин использовал для налоговых освобождений товарный кредит и другие формы бартера. В результате таких операций многие предприятия могли вести свое хозяйство при минимальных объемах денежных средств. Порой у них на расчетных счетах просто не оказывалось средств на выплату налогов, и это дополнительно приводило к росту недоимок в бюджет. При осуществлении зачетов между налогоплательщиками, бюджетом и получателями бюджетных средств, так же как и при бартерных сделках, обычно использовались заниженные нерыночные цены, а значит, снижалась налоговая база. Для преодоления бюджетного кризиса правительство было вынуждено брать деньги в долг, в огромных масштабах размещая ГКО (см. Государственные краткосрочные обязательства). В 1998 году это отозвалось известным экономическим кризисом, потрясшим страну. Не только Россия, но все страны переходной экономики переживали бюджетный кризис (некоторые — не однажды). На ранних этапах постсоциалистического перехода бюджетные (то же: фискальные) кризисы создавали серьезные угрозы самому существованию новых социальных институтов. Динамика постсоциалистического бюджетного кризиса хорошо изучена, прежде всего, на материалах Восточной Европы. Польский экономист М. Домбровский выделяет четыре его этапа: –– фискальная дестабилизация, предшествующая началу реформ; –– макроэкономическая стабилизация, связанная с либерализацией экономики; –– вторичный фискальный кризис, следующий за стабилизацией; –– восстановление фискального потенциала, связанное с экономическим оживлением и развертыванием реформ в системе государственных финансов. (См. О природе бюджетных кризисов этапа финансовой стабилизации // Е.Гайдар, Собр. соч. т. 6 с. 322) Для преодоления бюджетного кризиса ключевым вопросом становится способность правительства проводить необходимые реформы — реформу социальных фондов и системы социальной поддержки, реформу межбюджетных отношений и налоговой системы. Без этого бюджетный кризис преодолеть невозможно.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

Тематики
- финансы
- экономика
EN
- budget deficit
дефицит бюджета
Разница между совокупными обязательствами по доходам и текущим бюджетом расходов.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

дефицит бюджета
Превышение расходов бюджета над доходами. Если иметь в виду Д.б. семьи или фирмы, то его недопустимость не вызывает ни у кого сомнений. Если же говорить о бюджете государства, то положение здесь иное. Отвлекаясь от частностей, дефицит государственного бюджета означает превышение суммы правительственных рас¬ходов над суммой налогов и увеличение, таким образом, накапливаемого государственного долга. Доказано. что Д.б. является важнейшим фактором, ускоряющим инфляцию, и потому, казалось бы, задачей экономической политики является сведение его к минимуму или лучше — к нулю. Однако есть экономисты, которые полагают, что умеренный Д.б. в периоды экономического спада не только допустим, но и может быть рекомендован, так как увеличенные расходы бюджета, благодаря действию мультипликатора Кейнса, способны вызвать повышение национального дохода, компенсирующее и даже превышающее дефицит. Практика не подтверждает, по-видимому, этого предположения. В России, в связи с высоким уровнем инфляции, дефицит федерального бюджета обычно оценивается в процентах от валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП); анализ номинальных цифр не приемлем, поскольку невозможны их сопоставления во времени. Противоположность дефицита — профицит бюджета. См.также: Вторичный дефицит государственного бюджета, Первичный дефицит государственного бюджета.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

EN

budget gap
The difference between total revenue commitments and the current expense budget.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики
- спорт (финансы и правовое обеспечение)
- экономика
EN
- budget deficit
- budget gap
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > budget deficit
6 бюджетный кризис

budget crisis

Русско-английский политический словарь > бюджетный кризис
7 бюджетный кризис
1. budget crisis
бюджетный кризис
Ситуация, когда резко обостряется дефицит бюджета, и государство теряет возможность выполнения своих обязательств – прежде всего социальных обязательств. Возникает опасность социального взрыва. Яркий пример – бюджетный кризис в России 1965-66 гг. Начиная с 1992 г., уровень государственных доходов, при некоторых колебаниях, снижался постепенно. Однако в 1996 г. падение доходов стало обвальным. Помимо роста недоимок, этому способствовал также рост масштабов противозаконного уклонения от налогов (См. Оливера-Танзи эффект) самыми разными способами и, что очень важно, за счет «черного нала» то есть «путем осуществления хозяйственных операций наличными деньгами, не отражаемыми в бухгалтерской отчетности». Из-за широкого распространения взаимных неплатежей существенно снизилась облагаемая база налога на прибыль и НДС. В первой половине 1996 г. объем дебиторской задолженности почти утроился. Нарастал процесс бартеризации экономики (см. Бартер), быстрого распространения многоходовых схем безденежного взаимозачета долгов между поставщиками и их клиентами. Минфин использовал для налоговых освобождений товарный кредит и другие формы бартера. В результате таких операций многие предприятия могли вести свое хозяйство при минимальных объемах денежных средств. Порой у них на расчетных счетах просто не оказывалось средств на выплату налогов, и это дополнительно приводило к росту недоимок в бюджет. При осуществлении зачетов между налогоплательщиками, бюджетом и получателями бюджетных средств, так же как и при бартерных сделках, обычно использовались заниженные нерыночные цены, а значит, снижалась налоговая база. Для преодоления бюджетного кризиса правительство было вынуждено брать деньги в долг, в огромных масштабах размещая ГКО (см. Государственные краткосрочные обязательства). В 1998 году это отозвалось известным экономическим кризисом, потрясшим страну. Не только Россия, но все страны переходной экономики переживали бюджетный кризис (некоторые — не однажды). На ранних этапах постсоциалистического перехода бюджетные (то же: фискальные) кризисы создавали серьезные угрозы самому существованию новых социальных институтов. Динамика постсоциалистического бюджетного кризиса хорошо изучена, прежде всего, на материалах Восточной Европы. Польский экономист М. Домбровский выделяет четыре его этапа: –– фискальная дестабилизация, предшествующая началу реформ; –– макроэкономическая стабилизация, связанная с либерализацией экономики; –– вторичный фискальный кризис, следующий за стабилизацией; –– восстановление фискального потенциала, связанное с экономическим оживлением и развертыванием реформ в системе государственных финансов. ( См. О природе бюджетных кризисов этапа финансовой стабилизации // Е.Гайдар, Собр. соч. т. 6 с. 322) Для преодоления бюджетного кризиса ключевым вопросом становится способность правительства проводить необходимые реформы — реформу социальных фондов и системы социальной поддержки, реформу межбюджетных отношений и налоговой системы. Без этого бюджетный кризис преодолеть невозможно.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

Тематики
- экономика
EN
- budget crisis
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > бюджетный кризис
8 бюджетный дефицит
1. budget deficit
бюджетный дефицит
Превышение государственных расходов над государственными доходами, которое должно покрываться либо за счет займов, либо путем денежной эмиссии. Кейнсианцы утверждали, что государству во время экономических спадов (recession) следует поддерживать бюджетный дефицит, чтобы стимулировать совокупный спрос (см.: pump priming (дефицитное финансирование)). Монетаристы и неоклассики макроэкономики, напротив, полагают, что бюджетный дефицит просто стимулирует инфляцию (inflation) и препятствует росту частных капиталовложений. В настоящее время большинство экономистов придерживается той точки зрения, что, по крайней мере в среднем государству следует стремиться к сбалансированному бюджету, и что постоянный бюджетный дефицит надо ликвидировать путем либо сокращения государственных расходов, либо увеличения налогообложения. В некоторых случаях во время бума в результате получения доходов, превышающих расходы, может возникать бюджетный избыток (budget surplus).
[ http://www.vocable.ru/dictionary/533/symbol/97]

бюджетный дефицит
Ситуация, когда расходы правительства превышают его доходы. Подробнее см. Дефицит бюджета. Бюджетный кризис (budget crisis) – ситуация, когда резко обостряется дефицит бюджета, и государство теряет возможность выполнения своих обязательств – прежде всего социальных обязательств. Возникает опасность социального взрыва. Яркий пример – бюджетный кризис в России 1965-66 гг. Начиная с 1992 г. уровень государственных доходов, при некоторых колебаниях, снижался постепенно. Однако в 1996 г. падение доходов стало обвальным. Помимо роста недоимок, этому способствовал также рост масштабов противозаконного уклонения от налогов (См. Оливера-Танзи эффект) самыми разными способами и, что очень важно, за счет «черного нала» то есть «путем осуществления хозяйственных операций наличными деньгами, не отражаемыми в бухгалтерской отчетности». Из-за широкого распространения взаимных неплатежей существенно снизилась облагаемая база налога на прибыль и НДС. В первой половине 1996 г. объем дебиторской задолженности почти утроился. Нарастал процесс бартеризации экономики (см. Бартер), быстрого распространения многоходовых схем безденежного взаимозачета долгов между поставщиками и их клиентами. Минфин использовал для налоговых освобождений товарный кредит и другие формы бартера. В результате таких операций многие предприятия могли вести свое хозяйство при минимальных объемах денежных средств. Порой у них на расчетных счетах просто не оказывалось средств на выплату налогов, и это дополнительно приводило к росту недоимок в бюджет. При осуществлении зачетов между налогоплательщиками, бюджетом и получателями бюджетных средств, так же как и при бартерных сделках, обычно использовались заниженные нерыночные цены, а значит, снижалась налоговая база. Для преодоления бюджетного кризиса правительство было вынуждено брать деньги в долг, в огромных масштабах размещая ГКО (см. Государственные краткосрочные обязательства). В 1998 году это отозвалось известным экономическим кризисом, потрясшим страну. Не только Россия, но все страны переходной экономики переживали бюджетный кризис (некоторые — не однажды). На ранних этапах постсоциалистического перехода бюджетные (то же: фискальные) кризисы создавали серьезные угрозы самому существованию новых социальных институтов. Динамика постсоциалистического бюджетного кризиса хорошо изучена, прежде всего, на материалах Восточной Европы. Польский экономист М. Домбровский выделяет четыре его этапа: –– фискальная дестабилизация, предшествующая началу реформ; –– макроэкономическая стабилизация, связанная с либерализацией экономики; –– вторичный фискальный кризис, следующий за стабилизацией; –– восстановление фискального потенциала, связанное с экономическим оживлением и развертыванием реформ в системе государственных финансов. (См. О природе бюджетных кризисов этапа финансовой стабилизации // Е.Гайдар, Собр. соч. т. 6 с. 322) Для преодоления бюджетного кризиса ключевым вопросом становится способность правительства проводить необходимые реформы — реформу социальных фондов и системы социальной поддержки, реформу межбюджетных отношений и налоговой системы. Без этого бюджетный кризис преодолеть невозможно.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

Тематики
- финансы
- экономика
EN
- budget deficit
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > бюджетный дефицит
9 económico

adj.

1 economic, economical, saving, sparing.

2 cost-reducing, cost-cutting, cash-saving, economical.

3 economic, related to economics.

4 cheap to run, economic, cost-effective.

5 inexpensive, cheap, low-priced, knockdown.

* * *

económico

► adjetivo

1 (gen) economic

2 (barato) cheap, economical, inexpensive

■ la habitación resultó económica the room was cheap

3 (persona) thrifty, careful with money

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

crisis económica economic crisis, recession

* * *

(f. - económica)

adj.

1) economic

2) economical

* * *

ADJ

1) [gen] economic; [año] fiscal, financial

la situación económica — the economic situation

2) (=barato) economical, inexpensive

edición económica — cheap edition, popular edition

3) (=ahorrativo) thrifty; pey miserly
ECONÓMICO ¿"Economic" o "economical"? ► El adjetivo económico se traduce por economic cuando se refiere al comercio o las finanzas: China ha vivido cinco años de reformas económicas China has lived through five years of economic reforms ... el ritmo del crecimiento económico...... the pace of economic growth... ► Económico se traduce por economical cuando se usa para describir algo que presenta una buena relación calidad-precio: Resulta más económico tener un coche de gasoil It is more economical to have a diesel-engined car Economic se puede usar en inglés para traducir rentable: Mantendremos las tarifas altas para que el servicio resulte rentable We shall keep the fares high to make the service economic Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
* * *

- ca adjetivo

1) <crisis/situación> economic (before n); <problema/independencia> financial

2)

a) <piso/comida> cheap; <restaurante/hotel> cheap, inexpensive

b) ( que gasta poco) < motor> economical; < persona> thrifty

* * *

- ca adjetivo

1) <crisis/situación> economic (before n); <problema/independencia> financial

2)

a) <piso/comida> cheap; <restaurante/hotel> cheap, inexpensive

b) ( que gasta poco) < motor> economical; < persona> thrifty

* * *

económico¹

¹ = economic, financial, fiscal, monetary, monied, pecuniary, budget, moneyed.

Ex: Generally, the availability of centralised cataloguing records will, if the economic aspects are favourable, encourage uniformity.

Ex: SIA in the United Kingdom covers information on travel and transport, economics in EEC countries, construction of nuclear power stations, and financial information.

Ex: The effect of fiscal pressures is particularly evident for government on-line systems, such as DOE/RECON.

Ex: For example, if the local currency is Belgian francs, monetary amount are always entered in whole francs.

Ex: This will shift the dynamics of information flow to policymakers to favour monied special interests, which threatens the democratic process.

Ex: George Watson Cole refers to his mental derangement and pecuniary embarrassment.

Ex: The aricle has the title ' budget CD-Rewritable drives: to get the best deal, buy a CD-RW drive that's not top of the line'.

Ex: It is generally recognized that collecting money from moneyed deadbeats is as much a social problem as street thuggery.

* apoyo económico = financial backing.

* ayuda económica = fund assistance, financial assistance, grant money, grant, cash grant.

* bache económico = economic doldrums.

* brigada de delitos económicos = fraud squad.

* burbuja económica = price bubble.

* capacidad económica = earning capacity, earning power.

* capital económico = financial capital.

* Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).

* clima económico = economic climate.

* comprobación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.

* comprobar las necesidades económicas = means test.

* Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) = European Economic Community (EEC).

* con poco recursos económicos = low-budget.

* crisis económica = economic crisis, economic slump, difficult economic times, economic depression, economic doldrums.

* crisis económica mundial = global economic slump.

* cuestión económica = economic issue, financial issue.

* depresión económica = economic depression, economic doldrums.

* de recesión económica = recessionary.

* desastre económico = financial disaster, economic disaster.

* desde un punto de vista económico = economically.

* de un modo económico = economically.

* donación económica = monetary donation.

* donación económica de fundación = endowment fund.

* económico-técnico = economic-technical.

* eficacia económica = economic efficiency.

* ejercicio económico = business year, accounting year.

* en tiempos de recesión económica = in recessionary times.

* equiparación económica = economic levelling.

* estatus económico = economic status.

* evaluación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.

* evaluar las necesidades económicas = means test.

* fondo económico = funds.

* hastiado de la recesión económica = recession-weary.

* historiador económico = economic historian.

* incertidumbre económica = economic uncertainty.

* índice económico = economic index.

* influencia económica = economic influence.

* información económica = business news.

* informe económico = economic report.

* interés económico = economic interest.

* mala racha económica = economic doldrums.

* medida económica = economic measure.

* memoria económica = economic report.

* modelo económico = economic model.

* necesidad económica = economic necessity, economic need.

* nivelación económica = economic levelling.

* no económico = non-economic [noneconomic].

* pasar apuros económicos = lead + a precarious existence.

* política económica = political economy.

* político-económico = politico-economic.

* presión económica = economic pressure.

* que se concede en función de las necesidades económicas = means-tested.

* recesión económica = economic recession, difficult economic times, economic depression.

* recortes económicos = economic retrenchment.

* recuperación económica = economic recovery.

* reforma económica = economic reform.

* respaldo económico = financial backing.

* riesgo económico = financial risk.

* sanción económica = economic penalty, economic sanction.

* sistema económico = economic system.

* situación económica = economic status.

* situación económica, la = economics of the situation, the.

* socioeconómico = socioeconomic [socio-economic].

* teoría económica = economic theory.

* trastorno económico = economic upheaval.

* valor económico = economic value, monetary worth.

económico²

² = cheap [cheaper -comp., cheapest -sup.], cost-effective [cost effective], economical, inexpensive, cost-efficient [cost efficient], dollar-saving, money-saving, thrifty [thriftier -comp., thriftiest -sup.], cut-price, cut-rate, affordable.

Ex: These indexes are both cheap and quick to produce.

Ex: OFFSEARCH is a means of running a search overnight on more than one data base, in a cost-effective mode.

Ex: Fixed length fields the are economical on storage space, and records using fixed length fields are quick and easy to code.

Ex: a microcomputer will need an inexpensive software package in order to suitable for external communication.

Ex: Good libraries are a cost-efficient integral part of an effective correctional programme in a detention centre.

Ex: The article 'Two dollar-saving search tips' explains how to eliminate duplicate citations when printing out search results.

Ex: It is ironic that reduced funding may threaten money-saving automation plans.

Ex: As such, the library serves a large blue collar population of thrifty, hardworking people with a predilection toward conservatism in lifestyle and thought.

Ex: Turkey is heavily promoted by tour operators as an idyllic holiday destination, the cut-price alternative to Greece or Cyprus.

Ex: Most of these cut-rate laptops include a one-year parts and labor warranty.

Ex: Information will become more affordable, accessible, and plentiful.

* alojamiento económico = budget accommodation.

* de forma económica = cost-effectively.

* de un modo económico = thriftily.

* de un modo poco económico = wastefully.

* hotel económico = budget hotel.

* * *

económico -ca

adjective

A ‹crisis/situación› economic ( before n)

tienen problemas económicos they have financial problems

B

1 ‹piso/comida› cheap; ‹restaurante/hotel› cheap, inexpensive

2 (que gasta poco) ‹motor› economical; ‹persona› thrifty

* * *

económico
◊ -ca adjetivo

1 ‹crisis/situación› economic ( before n);
‹problema/independencia› financial
2
a) ‹piso/comida› cheap;

‹restaurante/hotel› cheap, inexpensive
b) ( que gasta poco) ‹ motor› economical;

‹ persona› thrifty
económico,-a adjetivo
1 (país, empresa) economic
(persona) financial: tienen problemas económicos, they have financial troubles
2 (barato) economical, inexpensive: el traje me salió muy económico, the suit was very cheap
comidas económicas, cheap meals
3 (persona ahorradora) thrifty
Recuerda que el adjetivo economic, relativo a la economía, no es igual al adjetivo economical, que significa económico, barato.
' económico' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ajuste
- ámbito
- beneficio
- bloqueo
- desajuste
- despegue
- económica
- ejercicio
- holgura
- nivel
- respaldo
- revés
- auge
- clima
- desbarajuste
- orden
- plan
- refugiado
- sostén
English:
budget
- business
- cheap
- diner
- ease
- economic
- economical
- fall back on
- financial
- inexpensive
- thrifty
- wasteful
- café
- economics
- support
- third
- uneconomical

* * *

económico, -a adj

1. [asunto, doctrina, crisis] economic;

la política económica del gobierno the government's economic policy;

una familia con problemas económicos a family with financial problems;

mi situación económica es desesperante my financial situation is desperate

2. [barato] cheap, low-cost;

pagándolo al contado te sale más económico it works out cheaper if you pay in cash

3. [que gasta poco] [motor, aparato] economical;
[persona] thrifty
* * *

económico

adj

1 economic

2 ( barato) economical

* * *

económico, -ca adj

: economic, economical

* * *

económico adj

1. (de la economía) economic

2. (que gasta poco) economical

3. (que cuesta poco) inexpensive

Spanish-English dictionary > económico
10 económico1

¹ = economic, financial, fiscal, monetary, monied, pecuniary, budget, moneyed.

Ex. Generally, the availability of centralised cataloguing records will, if the economic aspects are favourable, encourage uniformity.

Ex. SIA in the United Kingdom covers information on travel and transport, economics in EEC countries, construction of nuclear power stations, and financial information.

Ex. The effect of fiscal pressures is particularly evident for government on-line systems, such as DOE/RECON.

Ex. For example, if the local currency is Belgian francs, monetary amount are always entered in whole francs.

Ex. This will shift the dynamics of information flow to policymakers to favour monied special interests, which threatens the democratic process.

Ex. George Watson Cole refers to his mental derangement and pecuniary embarrassment.

Ex. The aricle has the title ' budget CD-Rewritable drives: to get the best deal, buy a CD-RW drive that's not top of the line'.

Ex. It is generally recognized that collecting money from moneyed deadbeats is as much a social problem as street thuggery.

----

* apoyo económico = financial backing.

* ayuda económica = fund assistance, financial assistance, grant money, grant, cash grant.

* bache económico = economic doldrums.

* brigada de delitos económicos = fraud squad.

* burbuja económica = price bubble.

* capacidad económica = earning capacity, earning power.

* capital económico = financial capital.

* Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).

* clima económico = economic climate.

* comprobación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.

* comprobar las necesidades económicas = means test.

* Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) = European Economic Community (EEC).

* con poco recursos económicos = low-budget.

* crisis económica = economic crisis, economic slump, difficult economic times, economic depression, economic doldrums.

* crisis económica mundial = global economic slump.

* cuestión económica = economic issue, financial issue.

* depresión económica = economic depression, economic doldrums.

* de recesión económica = recessionary.

* desastre económico = financial disaster, economic disaster.

* desde un punto de vista económico = economically.

* de un modo económico = economically.

* donación económica = monetary donation.

* donación económica de fundación = endowment fund.

* económico-técnico = economic-technical.

* eficacia económica = economic efficiency.

* ejercicio económico = business year, accounting year.

* en tiempos de recesión económica = in recessionary times.

* equiparación económica = economic levelling.

* estatus económico = economic status.

* evaluación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.

* evaluar las necesidades económicas = means test.

* fondo económico = funds.

* hastiado de la recesión económica = recession-weary.

* historiador económico = economic historian.

* incertidumbre económica = economic uncertainty.

* índice económico = economic index.

* influencia económica = economic influence.

* información económica = business news.

* informe económico = economic report.

* interés económico = economic interest.

* mala racha económica = economic doldrums.

* medida económica = economic measure.

* memoria económica = economic report.

* modelo económico = economic model.

* necesidad económica = economic necessity, economic need.

* nivelación económica = economic levelling.

* no económico = non-economic [noneconomic].

* pasar apuros económicos = lead + a precarious existence.

* política económica = political economy.

* político-económico = politico-economic.

* presión económica = economic pressure.

* que se concede en función de las necesidades económicas = means-tested.

* recesión económica = economic recession, difficult economic times, economic depression.

* recortes económicos = economic retrenchment.

* recuperación económica = economic recovery.

* reforma económica = economic reform.

* respaldo económico = financial backing.

* riesgo económico = financial risk.

* sanción económica = economic penalty, economic sanction.

* sistema económico = economic system.

* situación económica = economic status.

* situación económica, la = economics of the situation, the.

* socioeconómico = socioeconomic [socio-economic].

* teoría económica = economic theory.

* trastorno económico = economic upheaval.

* valor económico = economic value, monetary worth.

Spanish-English dictionary > económico1
11 бюджетный кризис

Finances: budget crisis (англ. термин взят из статьи в газете Los Angeles Times)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > бюджетный кризис
12 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
13 dificultad

f.

1 difficulty.

el grado de dificultad de los exámenes the degree of difficulty of the exams

2 problem.

la dificultad está en hacerlo sin mojarse los pies the difficult thing is to do it without getting your feet wet

encontrar dificultades to run into trouble o problems

pasar por dificultades to suffer hardship

3 hardness, not easiness.

imperat.

2^nd person plural (vosotros/ustedes) Imperative of Spanish verb: dificultar.

* * *

dificultad

► nombre femenino

1 difficulty

2 (obstáculo) obstacle; (problema) trouble, problem

* * *

noun f.

difficulty

* * *

SF

1) (=obstáculo) difficulty

sin dificultad alguna — without the least difficulty

2) (=problema) difficulty

no hay dificultad para aceptar que... — there is no difficulty about accepting that...

tuvieron algunas dificultades para llegar a casa — they had some trouble getting home

ha tenido dificultades con la policía — he's been in trouble with the police

camina con dificultad — he has difficulty walking

3) (=objeción) objection

poner dificultades — to raise objections

me pusieron dificultades para darme el pasaporte — they made it difficult o awkward for me to get a passport

* * *

femenino

a) ( cualidad de difícil) difficulty

un ejercicio de escasa dificultad — a fairly easy exercise

respira con dificultad — he has difficulty breathing

b) ( problema)

superar or vencer dificultades — to overcome difficulties

tiene dificultads en hacerse entender — she has difficulty in making herself understood

me pusieron muchas dificultades para entrar — they made it very hard for me to get in

* * *

= difficulty, rough spot, snag, hardness, hiccup, crunch, challenge, hassle, rub, kink.

Ex. UDC is widely used despite the difficulties in keeping the schedules up to date.

Ex. But despite the many catalog worlds, and herein lies the rub -- or at least a rough spot -- we have been proceeding on the assumption that the catalog exists in the form of the data distributed by the Library of Congress.

Ex. Another snag was the existence of entrenched divergent cataloguing habits among the multinational staff, not to mention their fear of the unknown = Otro problema era la existencia de hábitos de catalogación divergentes y ya arraigados entre el personal multinacional, por no mencionar su miedo hacia lo desconocido.

Ex. Hardness and the penetration of the ink layer into the paper were also measured = También se midió la solidez y la penetración de la tinta en el papel.

Ex. The book 'The Last Hiccup of the Old Demographic Regime' examines the impact of epidemics and disease on population growth in the late seventeenth century.

Ex. The author of the article 'The crunch and academic library services: a personal view' believes that inflation is one of the underlying causes of the crisis in university libraries.

Ex. The duration of the cycle varies markedly from institution to institution, dependent upon the adaptability of the institutional structure to challenge and change.

Ex. The article is entitled 'How to implement electronic subscriptions replacing the routing list hassle'.

Ex. But as elegant and efficient as this seems, this strategy has a rub - you've got to have technology to track shipments, since you're ultimately responsible for purchases, warranties and returns.

Ex. However, like any emerging technology, there are still a few kinks in the system.

----

* afrontar una dificultad = front + difficulty.

* ahí está la dificultad = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.

* aprobar sin dificultad = sail through + exam.

* avanzar con dificultad = wade through, limp, slog along, plod (along/through).

* avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.

* caminar con dificultad = plod (along/through).

* causar dificultad = cause + difficulty.

* clasificado por nivel de dificultad = graded.

* con dificultad = laboriously, with difficulty.

* con dificultades = in difficulties.

* conducir o andar con cuidado debido a la dificultad existente = navigate.

* con gran dificultad = with great difficulty.

* conseguir con dificultad = eke out.

* dificultad + afectar = difficulty + dog.

* dificultad + apremiar = difficulty + dog.

* dificultad económica = fiscal exigency, financial exigency.

* dificultad + encontrarse = difficulty + lie.

* dificultades = crisis [crises, -pl.].

* dificultades + agravarse = difficulties + exacerbate.

* dificultades + aquejar = difficulties + beset.

* dificultades de aprendizaje = learning difficulties.

* dificultades económicas = fiscal constraints, fiscal adversity, economic adversity.

* dificultades presupuestarias = budget adversity.

* dificultad presupuestaria = budget crunch.

* dificultad + surgir = difficulty + arise.

* dificultad técnica = technical difficulty.

* encontrar dificultades = encounter + difficulties, encounter + limitations.

* encontrarse con dificultades = run up against + difficulties.

* encontrarse en dificultades = find + Reflexivo + in difficulties.

* en dificultades = stranded.

* enfrentarse con una dificultad = face + difficulty.

* entrañar dificultad = present + difficulty.

* esa es la dificultad = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.

* estar en dificultades = be in trouble.

* forma de evitar una dificultad = way (a)round + difficulty.

* fórmula para la dificultad de lectura = reading formula.

* funcionar con dificultad = labour [labor, -USA].

* ganar con dificultad = eke out.

* ganar sin ninguna dificultad = beat + Nombre + hands down, win + hands down.

* hacer Algo con dificultad = muddle through, plod (along/through).

* indicar las dificultades = note + difficulties.

* insertar con dificultad = squeeze in/into.

* leer con dificultad = wade through.

* meter con dificultad = squeeze in/into.

* mitigar una dificultad = alleviate + difficulty.

* pasar dificultades = struggle, be under strain, bear + hardship, have + a difficult time, experience + difficult times, pass through + difficult times, face + difficult times.

* pasar por muchas dificultades = be to hell and back.

* plantear dificultad = pose + difficulty.

* plantear dificultades = raise + difficulties.

* poner en dificultades = put + Nombre + in difficulties.

* presentar dificultad = present + difficulty.

* progresar con dificultad = thread through.

* respirar con dificultad = gasp for + breath, wheeze.

* señalar las dificultades = note + difficulties.

* sin dificultad = without difficulty.

* sin dificultad alguna = without a hitch.

* sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.

* superar una dificultad = overcome + difficulty, get over + difficulty.

* surgir una dificultad = arise + difficulty.

* tener dificultad = struggle, experience + difficulty, be hard pressed.

* tener dificultad de + Infinitivo = have + difficulty + Gerundio, have + difficulty in + Gerundio.

* tener dificultad en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* tener dificultades = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.

* toparse con dificultades = run up against + difficulties.

* tropezar con dificultades = run into + difficulties.

* * *

femenino

a) ( cualidad de difícil) difficulty

un ejercicio de escasa dificultad — a fairly easy exercise

respira con dificultad — he has difficulty breathing

b) ( problema)

superar or vencer dificultades — to overcome difficulties

tiene dificultads en hacerse entender — she has difficulty in making herself understood

me pusieron muchas dificultades para entrar — they made it very hard for me to get in

* * *

= difficulty, rough spot, snag, hardness, hiccup, crunch, challenge, hassle, rub, kink.

Ex: UDC is widely used despite the difficulties in keeping the schedules up to date.

Ex: But despite the many catalog worlds, and herein lies the rub -- or at least a rough spot -- we have been proceeding on the assumption that the catalog exists in the form of the data distributed by the Library of Congress.

Ex: Another snag was the existence of entrenched divergent cataloguing habits among the multinational staff, not to mention their fear of the unknown = Otro problema era la existencia de hábitos de catalogación divergentes y ya arraigados entre el personal multinacional, por no mencionar su miedo hacia lo desconocido.

Ex: Hardness and the penetration of the ink layer into the paper were also measured = También se midió la solidez y la penetración de la tinta en el papel.

Ex: The book 'The Last Hiccup of the Old Demographic Regime' examines the impact of epidemics and disease on population growth in the late seventeenth century.

Ex: The author of the article 'The crunch and academic library services: a personal view' believes that inflation is one of the underlying causes of the crisis in university libraries.

Ex: The duration of the cycle varies markedly from institution to institution, dependent upon the adaptability of the institutional structure to challenge and change.

Ex: The article is entitled 'How to implement electronic subscriptions replacing the routing list hassle'.

Ex: But as elegant and efficient as this seems, this strategy has a rub - you've got to have technology to track shipments, since you're ultimately responsible for purchases, warranties and returns.

Ex: However, like any emerging technology, there are still a few kinks in the system.

* afrontar una dificultad = front + difficulty.

* ahí está la dificultad = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.

* aprobar sin dificultad = sail through + exam.

* avanzar con dificultad = wade through, limp, slog along, plod (along/through).

* avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.

* caminar con dificultad = plod (along/through).

* causar dificultad = cause + difficulty.

* clasificado por nivel de dificultad = graded.

* con dificultad = laboriously, with difficulty.

* con dificultades = in difficulties.

* conducir o andar con cuidado debido a la dificultad existente = navigate.

* con gran dificultad = with great difficulty.

* conseguir con dificultad = eke out.

* dificultad + afectar = difficulty + dog.

* dificultad + apremiar = difficulty + dog.

* dificultad económica = fiscal exigency, financial exigency.

* dificultad + encontrarse = difficulty + lie.

* dificultades = crisis [crises, -pl.].

* dificultades + agravarse = difficulties + exacerbate.

* dificultades + aquejar = difficulties + beset.

* dificultades de aprendizaje = learning difficulties.

* dificultades económicas = fiscal constraints, fiscal adversity, economic adversity.

* dificultades presupuestarias = budget adversity.

* dificultad presupuestaria = budget crunch.

* dificultad + surgir = difficulty + arise.

* dificultad técnica = technical difficulty.

* encontrar dificultades = encounter + difficulties, encounter + limitations.

* encontrarse con dificultades = run up against + difficulties.

* encontrarse en dificultades = find + Reflexivo + in difficulties.

* en dificultades = stranded.

* enfrentarse con una dificultad = face + difficulty.

* entrañar dificultad = present + difficulty.

* esa es la dificultad = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.

* estar en dificultades = be in trouble.

* forma de evitar una dificultad = way (a)round + difficulty.

* fórmula para la dificultad de lectura = reading formula.

* funcionar con dificultad = labour [labor, -USA].

* ganar con dificultad = eke out.

* ganar sin ninguna dificultad = beat + Nombre + hands down, win + hands down.

* hacer Algo con dificultad = muddle through, plod (along/through).

* indicar las dificultades = note + difficulties.

* insertar con dificultad = squeeze in/into.

* leer con dificultad = wade through.

* meter con dificultad = squeeze in/into.

* mitigar una dificultad = alleviate + difficulty.

* pasar dificultades = struggle, be under strain, bear + hardship, have + a difficult time, experience + difficult times, pass through + difficult times, face + difficult times.

* pasar por muchas dificultades = be to hell and back.

* plantear dificultad = pose + difficulty.

* plantear dificultades = raise + difficulties.

* poner en dificultades = put + Nombre + in difficulties.

* presentar dificultad = present + difficulty.

* progresar con dificultad = thread through.

* respirar con dificultad = gasp for + breath, wheeze.

* señalar las dificultades = note + difficulties.

* sin dificultad = without difficulty.

* sin dificultad alguna = without a hitch.

* sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.

* superar una dificultad = overcome + difficulty, get over + difficulty.

* surgir una dificultad = arise + difficulty.

* tener dificultad = struggle, experience + difficulty, be hard pressed.

* tener dificultad de + Infinitivo = have + difficulty + Gerundio, have + difficulty in + Gerundio.

* tener dificultad en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* tener dificultades = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.

* toparse con dificultades = run up against + difficulties.

* tropezar con dificultades = run into + difficulties.

* * *

dificultad

feminine

1 (cualidad de difícil) difficulty

un ejercicio de escasa dificultad a fairly easy exercise

el grado de dificultad de la prueba the degree of difficulty of the test

respira con dificultad his breathing is labored, he has difficulty breathing

2 (problema) difficulty

superar or vencer dificultades to overcome difficulties

¿tuviste alguna dificultad para encontrar la casa? did you have any trouble o difficulty finding the house?

tiene dificultades en hacerse entender she has difficulty in o she has problems making herself understood

la dificultad está en hacerlo en el mínimo de tiempo the difficult o hard part is to do it in the shortest possible time

pasamos muchas dificultades, pero salimos adelante we had a lot of problems, but we came through it all

me pusieron muchas dificultades para entrar they made it very hard for me to get in

* * *

Del verbo dificultar: ( conjugate dificultar)

dificultad es:

2ª persona plural (vosotros) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
dificultad
dificultar
dificultad sustantivo femenino
difficulty;
◊ respira con dificultad he has difficulty breathing;

tiene dificultades en hacerse entender she has difficulty in making herself understood;
me pusieron muchas dificultades para entrar they made it very hard for me to get in;
meterse en dificultades to get into difficulties
dificultar ( conjugate dificultar) verbo transitivo
to make … difficult
dificultad sustantivo femenino
1 difficulty
2 (penalidad, contrariedad) trouble, problem
dificultades económicas, financial problems

' dificultad' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
coja
- cojo
- elevarse
- encarar
- escollo
- evadir
- fatiga
- impedimento
- infranqueable
- intríngulis
- necesidad
- nudo
- obstáculo
- pena
- remontar
- retroceder
- salir
- salvar
- tela
- tumbo
- vencer
- apuro
- complicación
- confrontar
- contra
- contrariedad
- encontrar
- esquivar
- insuperable
- miga
- ofrecer
- pantano
- pega
- pero
- presentar
- radicar
- sortear
- subsanar
- superar
- surgir
- traba
- tropezar
English:
difficulty
- experience
- extricate
- gasp
- hassle
- hitch
- hobble
- inarticulate
- iron out
- job
- manage
- painless
- squash in
- struggle
- struggle along
- struggle on
- tongue-tied
- trial
- trouble
- trudge
- considerable
- difficult
- grade
- hiccup
- pit
- scramble
- wheeze
- wriggle

* * *

dificultad nf

1. [cualidad de difícil] difficulty;

caminaba con dificultad she walked with difficulty;

el grado o [m5] nivel de dificultad de los exámenes the degree o level of difficulty of the exams;

un ejercicio de gran dificultad a very difficult exercise

2. [obstáculo] problem;

todo son dificultades con ella she sees everything as a problem;

la dificultad está en hacerlo sin mojarse los pies the difficult thing is to do it without getting your feet wet;

encontrar dificultades to run into trouble o problems;

poner dificultades to raise objections;

nos puso muchas dificultades para entrevistarlo he put no end of obstacles in our way when we wanted to interview him;

superar o [m5] vencer las dificultades to overcome the difficulties;

¿tuviste alguna dificultad para dar con la calle? did you have any difficulty finding the street?

3. [penalidad]
pasar por dificultades to suffer hardship

* * *

dificultad

f difficulty;

sin dificultad easily;

con dificultades with difficulty;

poner dificultades make it difficult

* * *

dificultad nf

: difficulty

* * *

dificultad n

1. (concepto) difficulty [pl. difficulties]

2. (problema) problem

Spanish-English dictionary > dificultad
14 libro

m.

1 book.

ser (como) un libro abierto (informal) to be an open book

libro blanco (politics) white paper

libro de bolsillo (pocket-sized) paperback

libro de cabecera bedside book

libro de cocina cookery book

libro de consulta reference book

libro de cuentos storybook

libro de ejercicios exercise book

libro electrónico electronic book

libro de escolaridad (education) school report

libro de familia = document containing personal details of the members of a family

libro de reclamaciones complaints book

libro de registro (de entradas) register

libro sagrado (religion) Book

libro de texto (in Bible) textbook

libro verde green paper

2 omasum.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: librar.

* * *

libro

► nombre masculino

1 (gen) book

2 ZOOLOGÍA third stomach

► nombre masculino plural libros

1 accounts

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

llevar los libros to do the bookkeeping

como un libro abierto (con claridad) clearly

libro blanco PLÍTICA white paper

libro de bolsillo paperback

libro de cabecera (favorito) favourite book 2 (guía) bible

libro de caja cash-book

libro de cocina cookery book, recipe book, US cookbook

libro de consulta reference book

libro de coro hymn book

libro de familia book recording details of births, marriages, etc. in a family

libro de horas book of hours

libro de reclamaciones complaints book

libro de texto textbook

libro de visitas visitors' book

* * *

noun m.

book

* * *

SM

1) (=obra impresa) book

- ser como un libro abierto

- ahorcar o arrimar o colgar los libros

- hablar como un libro

libro de bolsillo — paperback

libro de cabecera — bedside book

libro de cocina — cookery book, cookbook (EEUU)

libro de consulta — reference book

libro de cuentos — storybook

libro de estilo — style book

libro de imágenes — picture-book

libro de lectura — reader

libro desplegable — pop-up book

libro de texto — textbook

libro electrónico — e-book

libro encuadernado, libro en pasta — hardback (book)

libro en rústica — paperback (book)

libro escolar — (=informe) school report; [de texto] schoolbook

libro mágico, libro móvil — pop-up book

libro sonoro — audio book

libro usado — second-hand book

2) (=registro) book

llevar los libros — (Com) to keep the books o accounts

libro de actas — minute book

libro de apuntes — notebook

libro de caja — cash book, petty cash book

libro de caja auxiliar — petty cash book

libro de contabilidad — account book

libro de cría — register of pedigrees

libro de cuentas — account book

libro de familia — booklet containing family details (marriage, births) used for official purposes

libro de honor — visitors' book

libro de orígenes — register of pedigrees

libro de pedidos — order book

libro de reclamaciones — complaints book

libro de ruta — itinerary

libro de visitas — visitors' book

libro de vuelos — (Aer) logbook

libro diario — journal

libro genealógico — (Agr) herd-book

libro mayor — ledger

libro parroquial — parish register

libro talonario — receipt book

3) (Pol)

libro blanco — white paper

libro rojo — red paper

libro verde — green paper

* * *

masculino

1) (Impr) book

un libro de arquitectura — a book on architecture

un libro de cocina — a cookbook

colgar los libro — to quit (AmE) o (BrE) give up studying

ser (como) un libro abierto: eres un libro abierto — I can read you like a book

2) libros masculino plural (Fin)

llevar los libro — to do the bookkeeping

3) (Lit) ( parte) book

•

- libro animado or móvil

- libro blanco

- libro de actas/pedidos/reclamaciones

- libro de bolsillo

- libro de caja

- libro de consulta

- libro de cuentos

- libro de escolaridad

- libro de familia

- libro de texto

- libro de visitas

* * *

= book, text.

Ex. A bibliographic data base comprises a set of records which refer to documents (such as books, films, periodical articles or reports).

Ex. The authors of this work have had experience behind both reference desks and classroom lecterns and have felt strongly the lack of an adequate text on the training and education of the reference librarian.

----

* actitud ante los libros = set about books.

* acto relacionado con el libro = book event.

* adicto a los libros = bookaholic.

* adquisición de libros = book supply, book purchasing.

* almacén de libros = book-warehouse.

* amante del libro = book lover [booklover].

* amor por el libro = book-fancying.

* anuncio publicitario de un libro = advertising blurb.

* arte del libro = bookmanship.

* audiolibro = talking book, audiobook [audio book].

* Ayuda Internacional de Libros (BAI) = Book Aid International (BAI).

* bibliotecario encargado de libros raros = rare book libarian.

* biblioteconomía relacionada con los libros raros = rare book librarianship.

* cadena del libro, la = book chain, the.

* caja para transportar libros = book bin.

* capacidad para libros = book capacity.

* carrito de los libros = book truck, book trolley.

* catálogo de libros = booklist [book list].

* catálogo de libros en venta = publication(s) list.

* catálogo en forma de libro = bookform catalogue, book catalogue.

* catálogo en forma de libro encuadernado = bound book form catalogue.

* catálogo impreso en forma de libro = printed book catalogue.

* ciencia del libro = bookmanship.

* cinta adhesiva ancha para libros = book tape.

* colección de libros = book collection.

* colección de libros de derecho en una prisión = prison law library.

* colección de libros de jardinería = gardening collection.

* colección de libros donados = gift collection.

* colección de libros raros = rare book collection, rare collection.

* coleccionista de libros = book-collector.

* colocador de libros = book shelver, shelver.

* comercialización del libro = bookselling [book selling].

* comercio del libro = bookselling [book selling], book trade [booktrade].

* comercio del libro, el = book business, the.

* compra de libros = book buying [book-buying], book supply, book purchasing.

* comprador de libros = book buyer.

* conciencia del libro = book-consciousness.

* confección de libros = bookmaking [book making].

* con la extensión de un libro = book-length.

* con una extensión similar a la de un libro = book-length.

* creación de los índices de un libro = back-of-the-book indexing, back-of-book indexing.

* crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.

* crisis del libro = book crisis.

* de la extensión de un libro = book-length.

* depósito de libros = book depot.

* deshojar un libro = tear + book.

* devorador de libros = book-eating.

* distribuidor de libros = book dealer.

* donación de libros = gift collection, book endowment, book donation, book gift.

* edición de libros = book publishing.

* encuadernación de libros = bookbinding [book-binding].

* en forma de libro = in book form.

* en formato de libro moderno = in codex form.

* especialista en conservación de libros = book conservation specialist.

* estantería para libros = book racks.

* etiqueta identificadora del libro = label.

* exposición de libros = book display.

* expositor de libros = book display stand.

* fabricación de libros = bookmaking [book making].

* feria del libro = book fair.

* ficha de préstamo del libro = book card [bookcard].

* formato libro = book form [bookform].

* Fundación de Libros Panafricanos = Pan-African Book Foundation.

* gastos de libros = book expenditure.

* historia del libro = book history.

* ilustración de libros = book illustration.

* ilustrador de libros = book illustrator.

* impresión de libros = book-printing.

* impresor de libros = bookmaker.

* índice de libro = book index.

* industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.

* industria del libro = book industry.

* industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.

* interesado por los libros = book-conscious.

* interés por los libros = awareness of books.

* ISBN (Número Internacional Normalizado para Libros) = ISBN (International Standard Book Number).

* ladrillos y libros = brick and book.

* lector de libros = book reader.

* libro antiguo = old book, antiquarian book, rare book.

* libro azul = Blue book.

* Libro Blanco = White Paper.

* libro científico = scientific book, scholarly book.

* libro comercial = trade book.

* libro como objeto = book-object.

* libro con estructura plegable = pop-up book.

* libro con ilustraciones = picture book.

* libro conmemorativo = keepsake.

* libro con precio de venta fijado = net book.

* libro con precio de venta no fijado = non-net book.

* libro de arte = art book.

* libro de artista = livre d'artiste, artist's book.

* libro de casos prácticos = case book.

* libro de citas = citator.

* libro de cocina = book on cookery, cookbook.

* libro de codificación = codebook.

* libro de consulta en sala = reserve room book.

* libro de contabilidad = ledger.

* libro de cuentas = account book.

* libro de derecho = law book.

* libro de divulgación científica = popular science book.

* libro de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].

* libro de empresa = organisation manual.

* libro de estudio = study book.

* libro de firmas = guest book [guestbook].

* libro de historia = history book.

* libro de hojas de palmera = palm leaf book.

* libro de honor = guest book [guestbook].

* libro de jardinería = gardening book.

* libro de la biblioteca = library book.

* libro de literatura no ficticia = non-fiction book.

* libro de lujo = gift book.

* libro de mayor venta = bestseller [best seller/best-seller].

* libro de melodías = tunebook.

* libro de navegación = book of navigation.

* libro de notas = mark book.

* libro de orígenes = studbook.

* libro de pastas amarillas = yellow-back.

* libro de prácticas = resource book.

* libro de préstamo vencido = overdue book.

* libro de recuerdo = keepsake.

* libro de regalo = gift book.

* libro de registro = accessions register, accessions book, accessions ledger.

* libro de registro de entrada y salida de cartas = letterbook [letter book].

* libro de reglas de un juego = rulebook.

* libro de sermones = lectionary.

* libro de sobremesa = coffee-table book.

* libro de texto = school book, text, textbook [text book].

* libro de texto de una asignatura = set course book.

* libro de texto escolar = school text.

* libro de viajes = travel book, travelogue [travelog, -USA].

* libro educativo = educational book.

* libro electrónico = electronic book (e-book/ebook).

* libro encuadernado en tapa = hard book cover, hardback cover, hardback book.

* libro en rústica = paperback, paperback book, paperbound book, trade paperback, pocketbook.

* libro esencial = bedside book.

* libro fantasma = dummy book.

* libro ficticio = dummy book.

* libro físico = physical book.

* libro fotolitografiado = photolitho book.

* libro frágil = brittle book.

* libro genealógico = studbook.

* libro grabado en audio = talking book, audiobook [audio book].

* libro hablado = talking book, audiobook [audio book].

* libro homenaje = Festschrift [Festschriften, -pl.], commemorative volume, memorial volume.

* libro ilustrado = livre d'artiste, illustrated book.

* libro impreso = press book, printed book.

* libro impreso en pastas duras = board book.

* libro infantil = children's book.

* libro juvenil = young people's book, juvenile book.

* libro litográfico = lithographed book.

* libro litúrgico = liturgical work.

* libro más vendido = bestseller [best seller/best-seller], blockbuster.

* libro miniatura = miniature book.

* libro narrativo = fictional book.

* libro para empollar = crammer.

* libro parlante = talking book, audiobook [audio book].

* libro prohibido = banned book.

* libro raro = rare book.

* libro reservado = reserved book.

* libros = book material.

* libro sagrado = sacred book, sacred scripture.

* Libros Americanos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbound Books in Print.

* Libros Británicos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbacks in Print.

* Libros Británicos en Venta = British Books in Print.

* Libros de Texto para Africa (TAP) = Textbooks for Africa (TAP).

* libros en venta = books in print.

* libro sonoro = talking book, audiobook [audio book].

* libros sobre curiosidades = curiosa.

* libro táctil = tactile book.

* libro táctil de dibujos = tactile picture book.

* libro tipográfico = letterpress book.

* libro trofeo de guerra = trophy book.

* libro verde = green paper.

* lista de libros = booklist [book list].

* lista de libros enviados a encuadernar = bindery list.

* lomo del libro = book spine.

* máquina de coser libros = book-sewing machine.

* maquina de grapar libros = book-stapling machine.

* mercado del libro, el = book market, the.

* movimiento de libros = bookshift.

* mundo del comercio del libro = book-trade life.

* mundo del libro, el = book world, the.

* mutilación de libros = book mutilation.

* no debes juzgar un libro por el color de sus pastas = don't judge a book by its cover, don't judge a book by its cover.

* novelas o libros que se compran en el supermercado = self-help.

* obsesionado con los libros = bookaholic.

* obseso con los libros = bookaholic.

* parásito del libro = book insect.

* piojo de los libros = booklouse [booklice, -pl.].

* posesión de libros propios = book ownership.

* presentación de libros = book talk [booktalk/book-talk].

* prestamista de libros = book lender.

* préstamo de libros = book lending, checking out books.

* prestar un libro = check out + book.

* presupuesto para la compra de libros = book funds [bookfunds].

* presupuesto para libros = book budget.

* proceso técnico del libro = book preparation, book processing.

* producción de libros = book production, book publishing.

* promoción de libros = book promotion.

* quema de libros = book burning.

* que no es libro de texto = non-textbook.

* recensión de libros = reviewing.

* relacionado con la promoción de libros = book-promotional.

* relacionado con los libros = book-related.

* reproducción ilegal de libros = book piracy.

* reserva de libro = book reservation.

* reserva de libros = reserve book room.

* reservar libros = reserve + books.

* retirar un libro en préstamo = check out + book.

* rincón del libro = book corner.

* robo de libros = book stealing, book theft.

* sacar libro en préstamo = borrow + book.

* sala de libros raros = rare book room.

* saldo del libro de cuentas = account book balance.

* sección de libros en rústica = paperback rack.

* seleccionador de libros = book selector.

* selección de libros = book selection.

* sello para libros = book stamp.

* ser como un libro abierto = be an open book.

* ser un libro abierto = be an open book.

* servicio de libros a domicilio = homebound service.

* servicio relacionado con los libros = book service.

* sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.

* sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.

* sociedad sin libros = bookless society.

* soporte de libro = book support.

* suministro de libros = book supply.

* traslado de libros = bookmove.

* vale canjeable por un libro = book token.

* venta de libros = bookselling [book selling].

* * *

masculino

1) (Impr) book

un libro de arquitectura — a book on architecture

un libro de cocina — a cookbook

colgar los libro — to quit (AmE) o (BrE) give up studying

ser (como) un libro abierto: eres un libro abierto — I can read you like a book

2) libros masculino plural (Fin)

llevar los libro — to do the bookkeeping

3) (Lit) ( parte) book

•

- libro animado or móvil

- libro blanco

- libro de actas/pedidos/reclamaciones

- libro de bolsillo

- libro de caja

- libro de consulta

- libro de cuentos

- libro de escolaridad

- libro de familia

- libro de texto

- libro de visitas

* * *

= book, text.

Ex: A bibliographic data base comprises a set of records which refer to documents (such as books, films, periodical articles or reports).

Ex: The authors of this work have had experience behind both reference desks and classroom lecterns and have felt strongly the lack of an adequate text on the training and education of the reference librarian.

* actitud ante los libros = set about books.

* acto relacionado con el libro = book event.

* adicto a los libros = bookaholic.

* adquisición de libros = book supply, book purchasing.

* almacén de libros = book-warehouse.

* amante del libro = book lover [booklover].

* amor por el libro = book-fancying.

* anuncio publicitario de un libro = advertising blurb.

* arte del libro = bookmanship.

* audiolibro = talking book, audiobook [audio book].

* Ayuda Internacional de Libros (BAI) = Book Aid International (BAI).

* bibliotecario encargado de libros raros = rare book libarian.

* biblioteconomía relacionada con los libros raros = rare book librarianship.

* cadena del libro, la = book chain, the.

* caja para transportar libros = book bin.

* capacidad para libros = book capacity.

* carrito de los libros = book truck, book trolley.

* catálogo de libros = booklist [book list].

* catálogo de libros en venta = publication(s) list.

* catálogo en forma de libro = bookform catalogue, book catalogue.

* catálogo en forma de libro encuadernado = bound book form catalogue.

* catálogo impreso en forma de libro = printed book catalogue.

* ciencia del libro = bookmanship.

* cinta adhesiva ancha para libros = book tape.

* colección de libros = book collection.

* colección de libros de derecho en una prisión = prison law library.

* colección de libros de jardinería = gardening collection.

* colección de libros donados = gift collection.

* colección de libros raros = rare book collection, rare collection.

* coleccionista de libros = book-collector.

* colocador de libros = book shelver, shelver.

* comercialización del libro = bookselling [book selling].

* comercio del libro = bookselling [book selling], book trade [booktrade].

* comercio del libro, el = book business, the.

* compra de libros = book buying [book-buying], book supply, book purchasing.

* comprador de libros = book buyer.

* conciencia del libro = book-consciousness.

* confección de libros = bookmaking [book making].

* con la extensión de un libro = book-length.

* con una extensión similar a la de un libro = book-length.

* creación de los índices de un libro = back-of-the-book indexing, back-of-book indexing.

* crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.

* crisis del libro = book crisis.

* de la extensión de un libro = book-length.

* depósito de libros = book depot.

* deshojar un libro = tear + book.

* devorador de libros = book-eating.

* distribuidor de libros = book dealer.

* donación de libros = gift collection, book endowment, book donation, book gift.

* edición de libros = book publishing.

* encuadernación de libros = bookbinding [book-binding].

* en forma de libro = in book form.

* en formato de libro moderno = in codex form.

* especialista en conservación de libros = book conservation specialist.

* estantería para libros = book racks.

* etiqueta identificadora del libro = label.

* exposición de libros = book display.

* expositor de libros = book display stand.

* fabricación de libros = bookmaking [book making].

* feria del libro = book fair.

* ficha de préstamo del libro = book card [bookcard].

* formato libro = book form [bookform].

* Fundación de Libros Panafricanos = Pan-African Book Foundation.

* gastos de libros = book expenditure.

* historia del libro = book history.

* ilustración de libros = book illustration.

* ilustrador de libros = book illustrator.

* impresión de libros = book-printing.

* impresor de libros = bookmaker.

* índice de libro = book index.

* industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.

* industria del libro = book industry.

* industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.

* interesado por los libros = book-conscious.

* interés por los libros = awareness of books.

* ISBN (Número Internacional Normalizado para Libros) = ISBN (International Standard Book Number).

* ladrillos y libros = brick and book.

* lector de libros = book reader.

* libro antiguo = old book, antiquarian book, rare book.

* libro azul = Blue book.

* Libro Blanco = White Paper.

* libro científico = scientific book, scholarly book.

* libro comercial = trade book.

* libro como objeto = book-object.

* libro con estructura plegable = pop-up book.

* libro con ilustraciones = picture book.

* libro conmemorativo = keepsake.

* libro con precio de venta fijado = net book.

* libro con precio de venta no fijado = non-net book.

* libro de arte = art book.

* libro de artista = livre d'artiste, artist's book.

* libro de casos prácticos = case book.

* libro de citas = citator.

* libro de cocina = book on cookery, cookbook.

* libro de codificación = codebook.

* libro de consulta en sala = reserve room book.

* libro de contabilidad = ledger.

* libro de cuentas = account book.

* libro de derecho = law book.

* libro de divulgación científica = popular science book.

* libro de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].

* libro de empresa = organisation manual.

* libro de estudio = study book.

* libro de firmas = guest book [guestbook].

* libro de historia = history book.

* libro de hojas de palmera = palm leaf book.

* libro de honor = guest book [guestbook].

* libro de jardinería = gardening book.

* libro de la biblioteca = library book.

* libro de literatura no ficticia = non-fiction book.

* libro de lujo = gift book.

* libro de mayor venta = bestseller [best seller/best-seller].

* libro de melodías = tunebook.

* libro de navegación = book of navigation.

* libro de notas = mark book.

* libro de orígenes = studbook.

* libro de pastas amarillas = yellow-back.

* libro de prácticas = resource book.

* libro de préstamo vencido = overdue book.

* libro de recuerdo = keepsake.

* libro de regalo = gift book.

* libro de registro = accessions register, accessions book, accessions ledger.

* libro de registro de entrada y salida de cartas = letterbook [letter book].

* libro de reglas de un juego = rulebook.

* libro de sermones = lectionary.

* libro de sobremesa = coffee-table book.

* libro de texto = school book, text, textbook [text book].

* libro de texto de una asignatura = set course book.

* libro de texto escolar = school text.

* libro de viajes = travel book, travelogue [travelog, -USA].

* libro educativo = educational book.

* libro electrónico = electronic book (e-book/ebook).

* libro encuadernado en tapa = hard book cover, hardback cover, hardback book.

* libro en rústica = paperback, paperback book, paperbound book, trade paperback, pocketbook.

* libro esencial = bedside book.

* libro fantasma = dummy book.

* libro ficticio = dummy book.

* libro físico = physical book.

* libro fotolitografiado = photolitho book.

* libro frágil = brittle book.

* libro genealógico = studbook.

* libro grabado en audio = talking book, audiobook [audio book].

* libro hablado = talking book, audiobook [audio book].

* libro homenaje = Festschrift [Festschriften, -pl.], commemorative volume, memorial volume.

* libro ilustrado = livre d'artiste, illustrated book.

* libro impreso = press book, printed book.

* libro impreso en pastas duras = board book.

* libro infantil = children's book.

* libro juvenil = young people's book, juvenile book.

* libro litográfico = lithographed book.

* libro litúrgico = liturgical work.

* libro más vendido = bestseller [best seller/best-seller], blockbuster.

* libro miniatura = miniature book.

* libro narrativo = fictional book.

* libro para empollar = crammer.

* libro parlante = talking book, audiobook [audio book].

* libro prohibido = banned book.

* libro raro = rare book.

* libro reservado = reserved book.

* libros = book material.

* libro sagrado = sacred book, sacred scripture.

* Libros Americanos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbound Books in Print.

* Libros Británicos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbacks in Print.

* Libros Británicos en Venta = British Books in Print.

* Libros de Texto para Africa (TAP) = Textbooks for Africa (TAP).

* libros en venta = books in print.

* libro sonoro = talking book, audiobook [audio book].

* libros sobre curiosidades = curiosa.

* libro táctil = tactile book.

* libro táctil de dibujos = tactile picture book.

* libro tipográfico = letterpress book.

* libro trofeo de guerra = trophy book.

* libro verde = green paper.

* lista de libros = booklist [book list].

* lista de libros enviados a encuadernar = bindery list.

* lomo del libro = book spine.

* máquina de coser libros = book-sewing machine.

* maquina de grapar libros = book-stapling machine.

* mercado del libro, el = book market, the.

* movimiento de libros = bookshift.

* mundo del comercio del libro = book-trade life.

* mundo del libro, el = book world, the.

* mutilación de libros = book mutilation.

* no debes juzgar un libro por el color de sus pastas = don't judge a book by its cover, don't judge a book by its cover.

* novelas o libros que se compran en el supermercado = self-help.

* obsesionado con los libros = bookaholic.

* obseso con los libros = bookaholic.

* parásito del libro = book insect.

* piojo de los libros = booklouse [booklice, -pl.].

* posesión de libros propios = book ownership.

* presentación de libros = book talk [booktalk/book-talk].

* prestamista de libros = book lender.

* préstamo de libros = book lending, checking out books.

* prestar un libro = check out + book.

* presupuesto para la compra de libros = book funds [bookfunds].

* presupuesto para libros = book budget.

* proceso técnico del libro = book preparation, book processing.

* producción de libros = book production, book publishing.

* promoción de libros = book promotion.

* quema de libros = book burning.

* que no es libro de texto = non-textbook.

* recensión de libros = reviewing.

* relacionado con la promoción de libros = book-promotional.

* relacionado con los libros = book-related.

* reproducción ilegal de libros = book piracy.

* reserva de libro = book reservation.

* reserva de libros = reserve book room.

* reservar libros = reserve + books.

* retirar un libro en préstamo = check out + book.

* rincón del libro = book corner.

* robo de libros = book stealing, book theft.

* sacar libro en préstamo = borrow + book.

* sala de libros raros = rare book room.

* saldo del libro de cuentas = account book balance.

* sección de libros en rústica = paperback rack.

* seleccionador de libros = book selector.

* selección de libros = book selection.

* sello para libros = book stamp.

* ser como un libro abierto = be an open book.

* ser un libro abierto = be an open book.

* servicio de libros a domicilio = homebound service.

* servicio relacionado con los libros = book service.

* sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.

* sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.

* sociedad sin libros = bookless society.

* soporte de libro = book support.

* suministro de libros = book supply.

* traslado de libros = bookmove.

* vale canjeable por un libro = book token.

* venta de libros = bookselling [book selling].

* * *

libro

masculine

A ( Impr) book

un libro de arquitectura/sobre el imperio romano a book on architecture/on the Roman Empire

un libro de cocina a cookbook, a cookery book ( BrE)

hablar como un libro (abierto) (con afectación) to use high-flown o highfalutin language; (con sensatez) to talk sense, know what one is talking about

perder los libros to lose one's touch, lose the knack ( colloq)

sabérselas por libro ( Chi); to know every trick in the book, know what one is talking about/doing

ser (como) un libro abierto to be an open book

no intentes negarlo, eres un libro abierto don't try to deny it, I can read you like a book o you're an open book

B libros mpl

1 ( Fin):

llevaba los libro de la empresa I was keeping the books o doing the bookkeeping for the company

2

(lectura): no le gustan los libros he doesn't like reading

colgar los libro to quit ( AmE) o ( BrE) give up studying

C ( Lit) (parte) book

Compuestos:

● libro animado

pop-up book

● libro blanco

(preparado — por el gobierno) consultation document, white paper ( BrE); (— por una organización independiente) report, consultation document

● libro de actas

minute book

● libro de bolsillo

paperback

● libro de cabecera

su libro de cabecera (que lee en la cama) his bedtime reading; (que le es imprescindible) his bible ( colloq)

● libro de caja

cashbook

● libro de consulta

reference book

● libro de contabilidad or cuentas

ledger

● libro de cuentos

book of short stories

● libro de escolaridad

school record

● libro de estilo

style guide

● libro de familia

booklet recording details of one's marriage, children's birthdates, etc

● libro de instrucciones

instruction manual

● libro de lectura

reader

● libro del profesor

teacher's book

● libro de oraciones

prayer book

● libro de pedidos

order book

● libro de poemas

poetry book, book of poems

● libro de reciente aparición

new title

● libro de reclamaciones

complaints book

● libro de registro

register

● libro de tapa dura

hardback

● libro de texto

textbook

● libro de viajes

travel guide

● libro de visitas

visitors' book; guest book

● libro diario

daybook

● libro inventario

stock book

● libro mágico or mecánico or móvil

pop-up book

● libro mayor

general ledger

* * *

Del verbo librar: ( conjugate librar)

libro es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

libró es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
librar
libro
librar ( conjugate librar) verbo transitivo
1 ( liberar) libro a algn de algo ‹ de peligro› to save sb from sth;
‹de obligación/responsabilidad› to free sb from sth;
◊ ¡Dios nos libre! God forbid!

2 ‹batalla/combate› to fight
librarse verbo pronominal:
◊ se libró por poco he had a lucky escape;

librose de algo ‹de tarea/obligación› to get out of sth;
librose de un castigo to escape punishment;
se libró de tener que ayudarlo she got out of having to help him;
se libroon de morir asfixiados they escaped being suffocated;
librose de algn to get rid of sb
libro sustantivo masculino (Impr) book;
un libro de cocina a cookbook;
llevar los libros (Fin) to do the bookkeeping;
libro de bolsillo paperback;
libro de consulta reference book;
libro de escolaridad school record;
libro de familia booklet recording details of one's marriage, children's birthdates, etc;
libro de texto textbook
librar
I verbo transitivo
1 to free: me libró de un castigo, she let me off from a punishment
2 (una orden de pago) to draw
II vi (tener el día libre) libra los fines de semana, he has weekends off
libro sustantivo masculino book
Fin libro de cuentas, account book
Educ libro de texto, textbook

' libro' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abajo
- abarquillarse
- agotada
- agotado
- analogía
- apaisada
- apaisado
- apéndice
- atravesarse
- baja
- bajo
- bastante
- bien
- bolsillo
- cabecera
- capítulo
- censurar
- cepillarse
- cita
- congratularse
- cualquiera
- cuerpo
- curiosidad
- datar
- de
- decir
- deformación
- desastre
- desgraciada
- desgraciado
- devolver
- diente
- divertida
- divertido
- divulgación
- edición
- ejemplar
- empalagosa
- empalagoso
- encuadernación
- entender
- feria
- ficha
- grabada
- grabado
- guía
- hincar
- hoja
- homenaje
- ilustrar
English:
about
- above
- abridged
- acknowledgement
- annual
- appearance
- audio
- autograph
- back
- base
- bash out
- be
- bed
- bind
- blockbuster
- body
- book
- bookmark
- bookrack
- bore
- boring
- bound
- bring out
- browse
- capture
- chapter
- coda
- come out
- content
- cookbook
- cookery book
- copy
- cover
- crease
- deadly
- deal with
- dedication
- derivative
- diary
- dip into
- dull
- early
- edit
- editor
- entitle
- escape
- exemplify
- exploit
- extract
- fall

* * *

libro nm

1. [impreso] book;

un libro de aventuras a book of adventure stories;

Comp

hablar como un libro to express oneself very clearly;

Comp
Fam
ser (como) un libro abierto to be an open book

Comp
libro de bolsillo (pocket-sized) paperback;
libro de cabecera bedside book;

libro de canciones song book;

libro de cocina cookbook, Br cookery book;

libro de consulta reference book;

libro de cuentos storybook;

libro de ejercicios workbook;

libro electrónico electronic book;

libro de estilo style guide;

libro de himnos hymn book;

libro de instrucciones instruction book o manual;
Rel libro sagrado Book [in Bible];
libro de texto textbook;

libro de viajes travel book

2. Pol paper

Comp
libro blanco white paper;
libro verde green paper

3. [registro] book;

llevar los libros to keep the books

Comp
Com libro de caja cashbook; Com libro de contabilidad accounts book; Educ libro de escolaridad = book containing a complete record of a pupil's academic results throughout his or her time at school;
libro de familia = document containing personal details of the members of a family;

libro de oro visitors' book [for important guests];

libro de pedidos order book;

libro de reclamaciones complaints book;

libro de registro (de entradas) register;

libro de visitas visitors' book

4. Fin libro diario [para transacciones] journal, day book

* * *

libro

m book;

colgar los libros quit studying;

hablar como un libro talk like a book, use highfalutin language

* * *

libro nm

1) : book

libro de texto: textbook

2) libros nmpl

: books (in bookkeeping), accounts

llevar los libros: to keep the books

* * *

libro n book

libro de bolsillo paperback

libro de consulta reference book

libro de texto textbook

Spanish-English dictionary > libro
15 sentir

m.

feelings, sentiments.

v.

1 to feel.

sentimos mucha alegría/pena al enterarnos we were very happy/sad when we found out

sin sentir without noticing

Yo siento amargura I feel=sense bitterness.

Ella siente también She feels, too.

Yo sentí a Ricardo con mi mano I felt Richard with my hand.

2 to regret, to be sorry about.

sentimos mucho la muerte de su amigo we deeply regret the death of your friend

siento que no puedas venir I'm sorry you can't come

siento haberle hecho esperar sorry to keep you waiting

lo siento (mucho) I'm (really) sorry

3 to hear.

4 to be sorry to, to feel sorry to.

Yo siento irme I am sorry to go.

5 to be sorry for.

* * *

sentir

Conjugation model [ HERVIR], like link=hervir hervir

► nombre masculino

1 (sentimiento) feeling

2 (opinión) opinion, view

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to feel

■ sintió frío she felt cold

■ sentir amor to feel love

2 (lamentar) to regret, be sorry about, feel sorry

■ siento que no viniera I'm sorry she didn't come

■ lo siento mucho I'm very sorry

3 (oír) to hear

■ ¿sientes algo? can you hear anything?

4 (presentir) to feel, think, have a feeling that

■ siento que todo acabará bien I think everything will turn out all right

► verbo pronominal sentirse

1 to feel

■ me siento cansado I feel tired

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

dejarse sentir / hacerse sentir figurado to make itself felt

en mi sentir in my opinion

¡lo siento! I'm sorry!

sentirse como en casa to feel at home

sentirse con ánimos de hacer algo to feel like doing something, feel up to doing something

sentirse mal to feel ill

sin sentir just like that

* * *

verb

1) to feel

2) feel sorry, regret

3) sense

•

- sentirse

* * *

1. VT

1) [+ emoción, sensación, dolor] to feel

de repente he sentido frío — I suddenly felt cold

no siento la pierna — I can't feel my leg

empezó a sentir los efectos del alcohol — he began to feel the effects of the alcohol

sentí ganas de contárselo — I felt the urge to tell him about it

• dejarse sentir — to be felt

están empezando a dejarse sentir los efectos de la crisis — the effects of the crisis are beginning to be felt

en octubre ya se deja sentir el frío — by October it's already starting to get cold

• sentir hambre — to feel hungry

• sentir pena por algn — to feel pity for sb, feel sorry for sb

• sentir sed — to feel thirsty

2) (=percibir) to sense

sintió la presencia de alguien en la oscuridad — he sensed a presence in the darkness

quizá sintió que no le estaba diciendo la verdad — maybe she sensed that I wasn't telling her the truth

3) [con otros sentidos]

a) (=oír) to hear

no la sentí entrar — I didn't hear her come in

no se sentía el vuelo de una mosca — you could have heard a pin drop

b) esp LAm [+ olor] to smell; [+ sabor] to taste

¿sientes el olor a quemado? — can you smell burning?

no le siento ningún gusto a esto — this doesn't taste of anything to me

4) (=presentir)

siento que esto no acabará bien — I have a feeling that this isn't going to end well

5) [+ música, poesía] to have a feeling for

6) (=lamentar) to be sorry about, regret más frm

siento mucho lo que pasó — I'm really sorry about what happened

siento no haber podido ir — I'm sorry I wasn't able to go

siento informarle que no ha sido seleccionado — I'm sorry to tell you that you haven't been selected, I regret to inform you that you haven't been selected más frm

siento molestarlo, pero necesito su ayuda — I'm sorry to bother you, but I need your help

• lo siento — I'm sorry

lo siento muchísimo, ¡cuánto lo siento! — I'm so sorry

lo siento en el alma — I'm terribly sorry

• sentir que... — to be sorry that...

siento mucho que pienses de esa forma — I'm very sorry that you feel that way

2.

VI to feel

ni oía ni sentía nada — he could neither hear nor feel anything

ama y siente como cualquier ser humano — he feels love and emotion like any human being

el tiempo se me pasaba sin sentir — I didn't notice the time passing

3.

See:

sentirse

* * *
I 1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) <dolor/pinchazo> to feel

sentir hambre/frío/sed — to feel hungry/cold/thirsty

sentí un dolor en la pierna — I felt a pain in my leg

empecé a sentir los efectos de la droga — I started to feel the effects of the drug

b) < emoción> to feel

sentimos una gran alegría — we were overjoyed

lo hizo para que él sintiera celos — she did it to make him feel jealous

se ve que siente lo que dice — you can tell he means what he says

c) ( presentir)

sentí que nos iba a pasar algo — I had a feeling something was going to happen to us

d) ( experimentar consecuencias)

los efectos de la crisis se dejarán sentir durante décadas — the effects of the crisis will be felt for decades

el descontento se hizo sentir pronto — their discontent soon made itself felt

2)

a) ( oír) <ruido/disparo> to hear

anoche te sentí llegar — I heard you come in last night

b) (esp AmL) ( percibir)

siento olor a gas — I can smell gas

le siento gusto a vainilla/ajo — I can taste vanilla/garlic

3) ( lamentar)

sentí mucho la muerte de tu padre — I was very sorry to hear of your father's death

ha sentido mucho la pérdida de su madre — she has been very affected by her mother's death

lo siento mucho — I'm really sorry

lo siento en el alma — I'm terribly sorry, I'm so sorry

sentí mucho no poder ayudarla — I was very sorry not to be able to help her

el director siente no poder recibirlo — the director regrets that he is unable to see you (frml)
2.
sentirse v pron

1) (+ compl) to feel

¿te sientes bien? — are you feeling o do you feel all right?

me siento mal — I don't feel well, I'm not feeling well

me siento enfermo/peor — I feel ill/worse

se sintió desfallecer — she felt as if she were about to faint

no me siento con ánimos — I don't feel up to it

no tiene por qué sentirse ofendida — she has no reason to feel hurt

me siento vigilada — I feel as if I am being watched

me siento identificada con él — I can identify with him

2) (Chi, Méx) ( ofenderse) to be offended o hurt

sentirse CON alguien — to be offended o upset with somebody
II
masculino ( sentimiento) feelings (pl), emotions (pl); (opinión, postura) feeling, view

* * *

= be sorry, sentiment, have + a feeling, regret.

Ex. I'm sorry to have disappointed you.

Ex. The song may have been forgotten but among library users the sentiment lingers on = Puede que la canción se haya olvidado pero entre los usuarios de bibliotecas el sentimiento perdura.

Ex. She had, suddenly, a new feeling, like a tardy response to the stimulus of an unfamiliar drug.

Ex. Sir Walter Greg also half regretted 'that 'bibliology' is past praying for' since it defined the study more precisely than the accepted word.

----

* decir que Uno se siente cómodo con Algo = express + comfort with.

* decir que Uno se siente confortable con Algo = express + comfort with.

* hacer que Alguien se sienta a gusto = put + Nombre + at ease.

* hacer sentir = make + feel.

* hacer sentir bien = make + Nombre + feel good.

* hacer sentir la presencia de = make + Posesivo + presence felt.

* hacer sentir mal = make + Nombre + feel bad.

* hacer sentir orgulloso = make + Nombre + proud.

* hacerse sentir = take + Posesivo + toll (on).

* los efectos negativos se están dejando sentir ahora = chickens come home to roost.

* nada sabe mejor que sentirse delgado = nothing tastes as good as thin feels.

* ojos que no ven corazón que no siente = ignorance is bliss.

* ojos que no ven corazón que no siente = out of sight out of mind.

* recortes presupuestarios + hacerse sentir = budget cut + bite.

* sentir ansiedad = feel + anxiety.

* sentir aversión por = have + aversion to.

* sentir cierta aprensión (por) = be apprehensive (about).

* sentir claustrofobia = feel + claustrophobic.

* sentir daño = feel + hurt.

* sentir el deseo de = have + an/the inclination to, get + the urge to.

* sentir entusiasmo por = be enamoured of/with.

* sentir envidia = feel + jealous.

* sentir envidia de = be envious of.

* sentir hambre = be hungry, feel + hungry.

* sentir hormigueo en la piel = tingle.

* sentir la inclinación de = be inclined to.

* sentir la necesidad de = feel + need for, feel + the need to, get + the urge to.

* sentir la sensación = feel.

* sentir las ganas de = get + the urge to.

* sentir lástima por = feel + sorry for, commiserate (with).

* sentir la tentación de = be tempted to.

* sentir los efectos de = feel + the effects of.

* sentir más ganas de hacer Algo = grow in + appetite.

* sentir miedo = be in fear.

* sentir motivación = have + motivation.

* sentir obligación = feel + compulsion.

* sentir pasión por = be passionate about.

* sentir pena por = feel + sorry for.

* sentir predilección por = be partial to.

* sentir preferencia por = have + a preference for.

* sentir que no tienen en cuenta a Alguien = feel + left out.

* sentir remordimiento = feel + remorse.

* sentir reticencia hacia = recoil.

* sentirse = feel, feel + a sense of, feel like.

* sentirse acorralado = Posesivo + back + be + against the wall.

* sentirse afligido = feel + hurt.

* sentirse a gusto = feel + at home, be at ease.

* sentirse a gusto con = be comfortable with.

* sentirse aislado = feel + left out.

* sentirse aliviado = be relieved.

* sentirse amenazado = feel + threatened.

* sentirse atraído = be engaged.

* sentirse atraído por = take + a fancy to, take + a shine to, take + a liking to, gravitate to(wards).

* sentirse avergonzado = be ashamed, feel + embarrassed.

* sentirse bien = feel + good, wellness, feel + right, get + high.

* sentirse bien con Uno mismo = feel + right.

* sentirse cansado = feel + tired.

* sentirse cohibido = feel + shy.

* sentirse cómodo con = be comfortable with.

* sentirse como en casa = feel + at home, feel like + home (away) from home.

* sentirse como flotando en las nubes = float on + air.

* sentirse como nuevo = be right as rain.

* sentirse como pez en el agua = take to + Nombre + like ducks to water.

* sentirse confortable = be at ease.

* sentirse confuso = feel at + sea, be all at sea.

* sentirse cortado = self-conscious.

* sentirse culpable = feel + guilty.

* sentirse culpable por = feel + guilt over.

* sentir sed = be thirsty.

* sentirse de primera = feel + tip-top.

* sentirse desalentado = be discouraged.

* sentirse descontento con = experience + dissatisfaction with.

* sentirse desilusionado = become + chagrined.

* sentirse destrozado = be gutted, feel + gutted.

* sentirse dolido = feel + hurt.

* sentirse emocionado = be thrilled.

* sentirse encantado = be thrilled.

* sentirse en plena forma = feel + tip-top.

* sentirse entusiasmado = be thrilled.

* sentirse excelente = feel + tip-top.

* sentirse fantástico = feel + tip-top.

* sentirse fuera de lugar = feel + inadequate.

* sentirse halagado por = be complimented by.

* sentirse hecho polvo = be gutted, feel + gutted.

* sentirse identificado = hit it off.

* sentirse ignorado = feel + left out.

* sentirse importante = feel + important.

* sentirse inclinado a = be inclined to.

* sentirse incómodo = look + uncomfortable.

* sentirse incómodo con = be uncomfortable with, feel + uncomfortable with.

* sentirse indignado (por) = be indignant (at).

* sentirse indispuesto = feel under + the weather, be under the weather.

* sentirse integrado = sense of belonging.

* sentirse intimidado = be in awe.

* sentirse mal = feel + bad, feel under + the weather, be under the weather, feel + wrong.

* sentirse mal con Uno mismo = feel + wrong.

* sentirse mareado = feel + giddy, feel + dizzy.

* sentirse más seguro de = gain + confidence (with/in).

* sentirse molesto = stir + uneasily, look + uncomfortable, feel + wrong.

* sentirse molesto por = be embarrassed at.

* sentirse ofendido = be aggrieved.

* sentirse orgulloso = swell with + pride.

* sentirse orgulloso de = be proud (of/to), take + pride in.

* sentirse partícipe = sense of ownership.

* sentirse perdido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head, feel at + sea, be all at sea.

* sentirse rechazado = feel + left out.

* sentirse reconfortado = take + heart.

* sentirse resentido = carry + a chip on + Posesivo + shoulder.

* sentirse sobrecogido = stand in + awe.

* sentirse traicionado = feel + a sense of betrayal.

* sentirse violento = look + uncomfortable.

* sentirse violento por = be embarrassed at.

* sentirse vivo = feel + alive.

* sentir simpatía por = have + warm feelings towards.

* sentir una emoción = feel + emotion.

* sentir una sensación de = experience + sense of.

* sentir un cosquilleo en el estómago = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.

* sentir un escalofrío = experience + shiver.

* sentir un impulso = have + an impulse.

* sentir vergüenza = feel + embarrassed.

* sentir vergüenza ajena = feel + embarrassed for + Nombre.

* siento + Infinitivo = sorry + Infinitivo.

* sin sentir ningún reparo = unashamed.

* sin sentir vergüenza = shamelessly.

* * *
I 1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) <dolor/pinchazo> to feel

sentir hambre/frío/sed — to feel hungry/cold/thirsty

sentí un dolor en la pierna — I felt a pain in my leg

empecé a sentir los efectos de la droga — I started to feel the effects of the drug

b) < emoción> to feel

sentimos una gran alegría — we were overjoyed

lo hizo para que él sintiera celos — she did it to make him feel jealous

se ve que siente lo que dice — you can tell he means what he says

c) ( presentir)

sentí que nos iba a pasar algo — I had a feeling something was going to happen to us

d) ( experimentar consecuencias)

los efectos de la crisis se dejarán sentir durante décadas — the effects of the crisis will be felt for decades

el descontento se hizo sentir pronto — their discontent soon made itself felt

2)

a) ( oír) <ruido/disparo> to hear

anoche te sentí llegar — I heard you come in last night

b) (esp AmL) ( percibir)

siento olor a gas — I can smell gas

le siento gusto a vainilla/ajo — I can taste vanilla/garlic

3) ( lamentar)

sentí mucho la muerte de tu padre — I was very sorry to hear of your father's death

ha sentido mucho la pérdida de su madre — she has been very affected by her mother's death

lo siento mucho — I'm really sorry

lo siento en el alma — I'm terribly sorry, I'm so sorry

sentí mucho no poder ayudarla — I was very sorry not to be able to help her

el director siente no poder recibirlo — the director regrets that he is unable to see you (frml)
2.
sentirse v pron

1) (+ compl) to feel

¿te sientes bien? — are you feeling o do you feel all right?

me siento mal — I don't feel well, I'm not feeling well

me siento enfermo/peor — I feel ill/worse

se sintió desfallecer — she felt as if she were about to faint

no me siento con ánimos — I don't feel up to it

no tiene por qué sentirse ofendida — she has no reason to feel hurt

me siento vigilada — I feel as if I am being watched

me siento identificada con él — I can identify with him

2) (Chi, Méx) ( ofenderse) to be offended o hurt

sentirse CON alguien — to be offended o upset with somebody
II
masculino ( sentimiento) feelings (pl), emotions (pl); (opinión, postura) feeling, view

* * *

= be sorry, sentiment, have + a feeling, regret.

Ex: I'm sorry to have disappointed you.

Ex: The song may have been forgotten but among library users the sentiment lingers on = Puede que la canción se haya olvidado pero entre los usuarios de bibliotecas el sentimiento perdura.

Ex: She had, suddenly, a new feeling, like a tardy response to the stimulus of an unfamiliar drug.

Ex: Sir Walter Greg also half regretted 'that 'bibliology' is past praying for' since it defined the study more precisely than the accepted word.

* decir que Uno se siente cómodo con Algo = express + comfort with.

* decir que Uno se siente confortable con Algo = express + comfort with.

* hacer que Alguien se sienta a gusto = put + Nombre + at ease.

* hacer sentir = make + feel.

* hacer sentir bien = make + Nombre + feel good.

* hacer sentir la presencia de = make + Posesivo + presence felt.

* hacer sentir mal = make + Nombre + feel bad.

* hacer sentir orgulloso = make + Nombre + proud.

* hacerse sentir = take + Posesivo + toll (on).

* los efectos negativos se están dejando sentir ahora = chickens come home to roost.

* nada sabe mejor que sentirse delgado = nothing tastes as good as thin feels.

* ojos que no ven corazón que no siente = ignorance is bliss.

* ojos que no ven corazón que no siente = out of sight out of mind.

* recortes presupuestarios + hacerse sentir = budget cut + bite.

* sentir ansiedad = feel + anxiety.

* sentir aversión por = have + aversion to.

* sentir cierta aprensión (por) = be apprehensive (about).

* sentir claustrofobia = feel + claustrophobic.

* sentir daño = feel + hurt.

* sentir el deseo de = have + an/the inclination to, get + the urge to.

* sentir entusiasmo por = be enamoured of/with.

* sentir envidia = feel + jealous.

* sentir envidia de = be envious of.

* sentir hambre = be hungry, feel + hungry.

* sentir hormigueo en la piel = tingle.

* sentir la inclinación de = be inclined to.

* sentir la necesidad de = feel + need for, feel + the need to, get + the urge to.

* sentir la sensación = feel.

* sentir las ganas de = get + the urge to.

* sentir lástima por = feel + sorry for, commiserate (with).

* sentir la tentación de = be tempted to.

* sentir los efectos de = feel + the effects of.

* sentir más ganas de hacer Algo = grow in + appetite.

* sentir miedo = be in fear.

* sentir motivación = have + motivation.

* sentir obligación = feel + compulsion.

* sentir pasión por = be passionate about.

* sentir pena por = feel + sorry for.

* sentir predilección por = be partial to.

* sentir preferencia por = have + a preference for.

* sentir que no tienen en cuenta a Alguien = feel + left out.

* sentir remordimiento = feel + remorse.

* sentir reticencia hacia = recoil.

* sentirse = feel, feel + a sense of, feel like.

* sentirse acorralado = Posesivo + back + be + against the wall.

* sentirse afligido = feel + hurt.

* sentirse a gusto = feel + at home, be at ease.

* sentirse a gusto con = be comfortable with.

* sentirse aislado = feel + left out.

* sentirse aliviado = be relieved.

* sentirse amenazado = feel + threatened.

* sentirse atraído = be engaged.

* sentirse atraído por = take + a fancy to, take + a shine to, take + a liking to, gravitate to(wards).

* sentirse avergonzado = be ashamed, feel + embarrassed.

* sentirse bien = feel + good, wellness, feel + right, get + high.

* sentirse bien con Uno mismo = feel + right.

* sentirse cansado = feel + tired.

* sentirse cohibido = feel + shy.

* sentirse cómodo con = be comfortable with.

* sentirse como en casa = feel + at home, feel like + home (away) from home.

* sentirse como flotando en las nubes = float on + air.

* sentirse como nuevo = be right as rain.

* sentirse como pez en el agua = take to + Nombre + like ducks to water.

* sentirse confortable = be at ease.

* sentirse confuso = feel at + sea, be all at sea.

* sentirse cortado = self-conscious.

* sentirse culpable = feel + guilty.

* sentirse culpable por = feel + guilt over.

* sentir sed = be thirsty.

* sentirse de primera = feel + tip-top.

* sentirse desalentado = be discouraged.

* sentirse descontento con = experience + dissatisfaction with.

* sentirse desilusionado = become + chagrined.

* sentirse destrozado = be gutted, feel + gutted.

* sentirse dolido = feel + hurt.

* sentirse emocionado = be thrilled.

* sentirse encantado = be thrilled.

* sentirse en plena forma = feel + tip-top.

* sentirse entusiasmado = be thrilled.

* sentirse excelente = feel + tip-top.

* sentirse fantástico = feel + tip-top.

* sentirse fuera de lugar = feel + inadequate.

* sentirse halagado por = be complimented by.

* sentirse hecho polvo = be gutted, feel + gutted.

* sentirse identificado = hit it off.

* sentirse ignorado = feel + left out.

* sentirse importante = feel + important.

* sentirse inclinado a = be inclined to.

* sentirse incómodo = look + uncomfortable.

* sentirse incómodo con = be uncomfortable with, feel + uncomfortable with.

* sentirse indignado (por) = be indignant (at).

* sentirse indispuesto = feel under + the weather, be under the weather.

* sentirse integrado = sense of belonging.

* sentirse intimidado = be in awe.

* sentirse mal = feel + bad, feel under + the weather, be under the weather, feel + wrong.

* sentirse mal con Uno mismo = feel + wrong.

* sentirse mareado = feel + giddy, feel + dizzy.

* sentirse más seguro de = gain + confidence (with/in).

* sentirse molesto = stir + uneasily, look + uncomfortable, feel + wrong.

* sentirse molesto por = be embarrassed at.

* sentirse ofendido = be aggrieved.

* sentirse orgulloso = swell with + pride.

* sentirse orgulloso de = be proud (of/to), take + pride in.

* sentirse partícipe = sense of ownership.

* sentirse perdido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head, feel at + sea, be all at sea.

* sentirse rechazado = feel + left out.

* sentirse reconfortado = take + heart.

* sentirse resentido = carry + a chip on + Posesivo + shoulder.

* sentirse sobrecogido = stand in + awe.

* sentirse traicionado = feel + a sense of betrayal.

* sentirse violento = look + uncomfortable.

* sentirse violento por = be embarrassed at.

* sentirse vivo = feel + alive.

* sentir simpatía por = have + warm feelings towards.

* sentir una emoción = feel + emotion.

* sentir una sensación de = experience + sense of.

* sentir un cosquilleo en el estómago = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.

* sentir un escalofrío = experience + shiver.

* sentir un impulso = have + an impulse.

* sentir vergüenza = feel + embarrassed.

* sentir vergüenza ajena = feel + embarrassed for + Nombre.

* siento + Infinitivo = sorry + Infinitivo.

* sin sentir ningún reparo = unashamed.

* sin sentir vergüenza = shamelessly.

* * *

sentir¹ [ I11 ]

vt

A

1 ‹frío/calor/hambre/sed› to feel

empecé a sentir hambre/frío a eso de medianoche I started to feel hungry/cold around midnight

apenas sentí el pinchazo I hardly felt the prick of the needle

sentí un dolor en el costado/un tirón en la pierna I felt a pain in my side/a tug at my leg

2 ‹emoción› to feel

es incapaz de sentir compasión por nadie he's incapable of feeling compassion for anyone

sentimos una gran alegría cuando nos enteramos we were overjoyed when we found out

nunca me hicieron sentir que estaba incomodando they never made me feel I was in the way

lo hizo para que él sintiera celos she did it to make him feel jealous

realmente sienten la música they play the music with great feeling

3

(presentir): sentí que nos iba a pasar algo I had a feeling something was going to happen to us

4

(experimentar consecuencias): los efectos de la crisis se dejarán sentir durante décadas the effects of the crisis will be felt for decades

el descontento se hizo sentir pronto their discontent soon made itself felt

nuestro departamento no ha sentido el cambio de director our department hasn't been affected by the change of director

B

1 (oír) to hear

sentimos un ruido/un disparo/pasos we heard a noise/a shot/footsteps

anoche te sentí llegar I heard you come in last night

2

( esp AmL) (percibir) ‹olor/gusto› siento olor a gas/a quemado I can smell gas/burning

le siento gusto a vainilla/ajo I can taste vanilla/garlic

C

(lamentar): sentí mucho la muerte de tu padre I was very sorry to hear of your father's death

su muerte fue muy sentida his death was deeply mourned

lo siento mucho I'm really sorry

lo siento en el alma I'm terribly sorry, I'm so sorry

no sabes cómo or cuánto lo siento I can't tell you how sorry I am

sentí mucho no poder ayudarla I was very sorry not to be able to help her

el director siente no poder recibirlo the director regrets that he is unable to see you ( frml)

siento que te tengas que ir tan pronto I'm sorry you have to go so soon

■ sentirse

v pron

A (+ compl) to feel

¿te sientes bien? are you feeling o do you feel all right?

me siento mal I don't feel well, I'm not feeling well

me siento enfermo/peor I feel ill/worse

como se sentía mejor se levantó she felt o was feeling better so she got up

se sintió desfallecer she felt as if she were about to faint

no tiene por qué sentirse ofendida/culpable she has no reason to feel hurt/guilty

nos sentimos totalmente identificados con el personaje we can identify completely with the character

me sentía vigilada I felt as if I was being watched

B (Chi, Méx) (ofenderse) to be offended o hurt sentirse CON algn to be offended o upset WITH sb

sentir²

masculine

1 (sentimiento) feelings (pl), emotions (pl)

2 (opinión, postura) feeling, view

la encuesta refleja el sentir general the survey reflects the general feeling o view

* * *

sentir ( conjugate sentir) verbo transitivo
1
a) ‹dolor/pinchazo› to feel;

◊ sentir hambre/frío/sed to feel hungry/cold/thirsty

b) ‹ emoción› to feel;

◊ sentimos una gran alegría we were overjoyed;

sentir celos to feel jealous
2
a) ( oír) ‹ruido/disparo› to hear

b) (esp AmL) ( percibir):

◊ siento olor a gas I can smell gas;

le siento gusto a vainilla I can taste vanilla
3 ( lamentar):
◊ lo siento mucho I'm really sorry;

sentí mucho no poder ayudarla I was very sorry not to be able to help her;
ha sentido mucho la pérdida de su madre she has been very affected by her mother's death
sentirse verbo pronominal
1 (+ compl) to feel;
◊ me siento mal I don't feel well, I'm not feeling well;

no me siento con ánimos I don't feel up to it
2 (Chi, Méx) ( ofenderse) to be offended o hurt;
sentirse CON algn to be offended o upset with sb
sentir
I sustantivo masculino
1 (juicio, opinion) opinion, view
2 (sentimiento) feeling
II verbo transitivo
1 to feel
sentir alegría/frío, to feel happy/cold
te lo digo como lo siento, I speak my mind ➣ Ver nota en feel
2 (oír, percibir) to hear: la sentí llegar de madrugada, I heard her come home in the small hours
3 (lamentar) to regret, be sorry about: siento haberte enfadado, I'm sorry I made you angry
' sentir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abominar
- acobardarse
- acusar
- ajena
- ajeno
- aprecio
- arrepentirse
- cobrar
- cogerse
- curiosidad
- despepitarse
- embarazarse
- estimar
- gustar
- identificarse
- intriga
- marearse
- notar
- palpar
- profesar
- rencor
- resentirse
- temer
- tener
- tocar
- tributar
- vergüenza
- agradecer
- ansia
- apenar
- chochear
- cohibir
- descomponer
- lástima
- náuseas
- remordimiento
- sienta
- sintiera
English:
afraid
- averse
- care for
- cringe
- empathize
- feel
- rue
- sense
- sorry
- bite
- care
- cold
- deep
- devoted
- nauseous
- presence
- relieved
- sentiment
- shame
- tingle

* * *

sentir

♦ nm

1. [sentimientos] feelings

2. Formal [opinión]
me gustaría conocer su sentir sobre este tema I'd like to know your feelings o what you feel about this matter;

el sentir popular public opinion

♦ vt

1. [percibir, experimentar, notar] to feel;

¿no sientes calor con tanta ropa? aren't you hot with all those clothes on?;

no siento los pies del frío que hace it's so cold I can't feel my feet;

sentía cierta tensión en el ambiente I could sense o feel a degree of tension in the atmosphere;

sentimos mucha alegría/pena al enterarnos we were very happy/sad when we found out;

siempre dice lo que siente he always says what he thinks;

los trabajadores hicieron sentir su disconformidad the workers made plain their disagreement;
Méx
sentir bonito/feo to feel well/unwell

2. [lamentar] to regret, to be sorry about;

sentimos mucho la muerte de su amigo we deeply regret the death of your friend;

lo siento (mucho) I'm (really) sorry;

no sabes cuánto lo siento I can't tell you how sorry I am;

por él es por quien más lo siento it's him I'm really sorry for;

siento que no puedas venir I'm sorry you can't come;

siento no poder ayudarte I'm sorry I can't help you;

siento haberle hecho esperar sorry to keep you waiting;

sentimos mucho (tener que) comunicarle que… [en cartas] we regret to inform you that…

3. [presentir] to sense;

siento que hay algo que no va bien I have a feeling o I sense that something's not quite right

4. [oír] to hear;

sentí pasos I heard footsteps;

no te sentí entrar I didn't hear you come in

5. Am [olor, gusto]
siento mal olor there's a bad smell;

por el resfrío, no le siente gusto a la comida she can't taste the food because of her cold

♦ vi

to feel;

el frío ya se deja sentir you can really feel the cold now;

la antipatía entre ellos aún se deja sentir the dislike between them is still noticeable;

sin sentir without noticing

♦ See also the pronominal verb sentirse

* * *

sentir

I m feeling, opinion;

en mi sentir in my opinion

II v/t

1 feel;

siento calor I feel hot

2 ( percibir) sense;

sin sentirlo llegar, acabar before I/we knew it

3 ( aparecer)

:

hacerse o

dejarse sentir make itself felt

4

:

lo siento I’m sorry

* * *

sentir {76} vt

1) : to feel, to experience

no siento nada de dolor: I don't feel any pain

sentía sed: he was feeling thirsty

sentir amor: to feel love

2) percibir: to perceive, to sense

sentir un ruido: to hear a noise

3) lamentar: to regret, to feel sorry for

lo siento mucho: I'm very sorry

sentir vi

1) : to have feeling, to feel

2)

sin sentir : without noticing, inadvertently

♦ See also the reflexive verb sentirse

* * *

sentir vb

1. (en general) to feel [pt. & pp. felt]

sintió frío she felt cold

con la anestesia no sentirás nada with the anaesthesia you won't feel a thing

hoy me siento feliz I feel happy today

2. (lamentar) to be sorry

lo siento I'm sorry

3. (oír) to hear [pt. & pp. heard]

sintió pasos a lo lejos he heard footsteps in the distance

Spanish-English dictionary > sentir
16 aumentar

v.

1 to increase, to rise.

aumentar la producción to increase production

la lente aumenta la imagen the lens magnifies the image

me han aumentado el sueldo my salary has been raised

aumentó casi 10 kilos he put on almost 10 kilos

aumentar de peso/tamaño to increase in weight/size

aumentar de precio to go up o increase in price

el desempleo aumentó en un 4 por ciento unemployment rose o increased by 4 percent

El ejercicio aumenta el apetito Exercising increases the appetite.

Aumentaron los gastos The expenses increased.

Nos aumentaron las ganancias este año Our profits increased this year.

2 to magnify, to amplify.

El reportero aumentó la noticia The reporter magnified the news story.

3 to enlarge.

Vamos a aumentar la casa We will enlarge the house.

4 to raise, to improve.

El movimiento aumentó la temperatura Movement raised the temperature.

5 to increase the size of, to enlarge.

* * *

aumentar

► verbo transitivo

1 to augment, increase (precios) to put up; (producción) to step up

2 (óptica) to magnify

3 (fotos) to enlarge

4 (sonido) to amplify

► verbo intransitivo

1 to rise, go up

► verbo pronominal aumentarse

1 to increase, be on the increase (precios) to go up, rise

* * *

verb

1) to increase

2) raise

* * *

1. VT

1) [+ tamaño] to increase; (Fot) to enlarge; (Ópt) to magnify

2) [+ cantidad] to increase; [+ precio] to increase, put up; [+ producción] to increase, step up

me van a aumentar el sueldo — they are going to increase o raise my salary

no aumentes la velocidad todavía — don't speed up yet

esto aumentó el número de parados — this swelled the numbers of the unemployed

3) [+ intensidad] to increase

su dimisión ha aumentado la tensión política — his resignation has increased political tension

estas pastillas pueden aumentar las molestias — these tablets can make the problem worse

4) (Elec, Radio) to amplify

2. VI

1) [tamaño] to increase

2) [cantidad, precio, producción] to increase, go up

las temperaturas aumentarán mañana — temperatures will rise tomorrow

el número de asesinatos ha aumentado en 200 — the number of killings has increased o gone up by 200

este semestre aumentó la inflación en un 2% — inflation has increased o gone up by 2% over the last 6 months

3) [intensidad] to increase

el calor aumenta por la tarde — the heat increases in the afternoon

su popularidad ha aumentado — his popularity has increased o risen

la crispación política aumenta por momentos — political tension is increasing o rising by the moment

4)

aumentar de — to increase in

aumentar de peso — [objeto] to increase in weight; [persona] to put on o gain weight

aumentar de tamaño — to increase in size

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) <precio/sueldo> to increase, raise; <cantidad/velocidad/tamaño> to increase; <producción/dosis> to increase, step up; dolor/miedo/tensión to increase

el microscopio aumenta la imagen — the microscope enlarges o magnifies the image

b) < puntos> ( en tejido) to increase
2.
aumentar vi temperatura/presión to rise; velocidad to increase; precio/producción/valor to increase, rise

el niño aumentó 500 gramos — the child put on o gained 500 grams

su popularidad ha aumentado — his popularity has grown

aumentará el frío — it will become colder

aumentar de algo — de volumen/tamaño to increase in something

aumentó de peso — he put on o gained weight

* * *

= accelerate, augment, become + large, enhance, enlarge, escalate, expand, grow + larger, increase, raise, rise, strengthen, accentuate, grow, add to, deepen, mushroom, intensify, wax, swell, pump up, bump up, step up, spike, crank up, ramp up, move it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch, ratchet up, amp up, turn up.

Ex. In recent years, the pace of change has accelerated with the introduction of on-line information retrieval.

Ex. These sources which form the basis of the intellectual selection of terms may be augmented by the machine selection of terms.

Ex. If the number of categories becomes large, cross-references will be necessary between individual files.

Ex. An introduction explaining the nature and scope of the indexing language will enhance its value.

Ex. Here entry is made under the original author of an edition that has been revised, enlarged, updated, condensed, and so on by another person.

Ex. Over the past two to three years the numbers of full text data bases and data banks has started to escalate considerably.

Ex. As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.

Ex. As the system grows larger it's more difficult to maintain that control.

Ex. Recall is inversely proportional to precision, and vice versa, or in other words, as one increases, the other must decrease.

Ex. The speaker said that James estimated people function at only 20% of their capacity, and concluded that they could raise this percentage considerable if they knew how to manage their time more efficiently.

Ex. If suppliers are forced out of business, there will be less software to lend and prices will rise with the lack of competition.

Ex. He proposes a research agenda that could strengthen archival appraisal and the profession's ability to document society.

Ex. However, future trends may tend to accentuate this division.

Ex. No true reader can be expected to grow on a diet of prescribed texts only regardless of how well chosen they are.

Ex. In addition, Britain has one of the most extensive bodies of legislation in the world, which is added to daily and encrusted with myriad rules and regulations.

Ex. One of the effects of reading in children is that their appreciation of the processes and function of literature is deepened.

Ex. The use of electronic mail systems has mushroomed in the last 5 years in industrialised nations.

Ex. Whilst these achievements are commendable, there is a catch in them -- there can be used to 'intensify' the economic exploitation of women.

Ex. The population waxed again slightly, then waned again, until it finally stabilized around its present 55,000.

Ex. Reference work has been ill-served in the past by its expositors and theoreticians: its extensive literature of several hundred papers and books is swollen by a mass of the transient and the trivial.

Ex. The article ' Pump up the program...' identifies the costs and benefits of undertaking a software upgrade.

Ex. Most librarians will admit that they could probably increase the use made of their lending libraries and bump up their annual loans by stocking more romances and thrillers and fewer serious novels, but they do not do this.

Ex. The intensity of marketing to schools and parents will have to be stepped up by publishers if they are to succeed in the more competitive market.

Ex. Baby boomers are desperately trying to hold onto their salad days -- plastic surgery, vitamins and drugs like Viagra have spiked in public demand.

Ex. Refiners are cranking up diesel output to meet rising global demand.

Ex. EGND has hit a home run with the introduction of a new product line, increasing sales projections, and ramping up production schedules.

Ex. Liverpool and Chelsea are grabbing all the headlines, but Arsenal have quietly moved it up a gear scoring 10 goals in their last three league games.

Ex. Start gently, ease yourself in by breaking the workout down into three one minute sessions until you are ready to notch it up a gear and join them together.

Ex. There was not much to separate the sides in the first ten minutes however Arsenal took it up a gear and got the goal but not without a bit of luck.

Ex. We have a good time together and we're good friends.. but I'd like to take it up a notch.

Ex. David quickly comprehended our project needs and then cranked it up a notch with impactful design.

Ex. Went for a bike ride with a mate last week, no problems so will crank it up a gear and tackle some hills in the next few weeks.

Ex. After a regular walking routine is established, why not move it up a notch and start jogging, if you haven't already.

Ex. The health department has ratcheted up efforts to prevent or slow down the spread of swine flu in schools.

Ex. In order to gain strength fast, you need to immediately begin amping up your strength thermostat in your mind.

Ex. Cytokines are small proteins used to communicate messages between the immune cells in the immune system to either turn up or down the immune response.

----

* aumentar de importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + significance.

* aumentar de tamaño = grow in + size, grow + larger, increase in + size.

* aumentar de valor = increase in + value.

* aumentar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, deepen + awareness.

* aumentar el control = tighten (up) + control.

* aumentar el esfuerzo = increase + effort.

* aumentar el precio = mark up + price, jack up + the price.

* aumentar el presupuesto = add + monies to + budget.

* aumentar en cantidad = increase in + quantity.

* aumentar en número = grow in + numbers, increase in + numbers.

* aumentar en variedad = grow in + kind.

* aumentar la confusión = add to + the confusion.

* aumentar la experiencia = deepen + experience.

* aumentar la productividad = increase + productivity, boost + Posesivo + productivity.

* aumentar las diferencias entre... y = widen + the gap between... and.

* aumentar las posibilidades = increase + the odds.

* aumentar las probabilidades = shorten + the odds.

* aumentar las ventas = boost + sales.

* aumentar la velocidad = grow + faster.

* aumentar los costes = cost + rise.

* aumentar los impuestos = increase + taxes.

* aumentar los ingresos = boost + Posesivo + income.

* aumentar rápidamente = snowball.

* crisis + aumentar = crisis + deepen.

* estar aumentando = be on the increase.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) <precio/sueldo> to increase, raise; <cantidad/velocidad/tamaño> to increase; <producción/dosis> to increase, step up; dolor/miedo/tensión to increase

el microscopio aumenta la imagen — the microscope enlarges o magnifies the image

b) < puntos> ( en tejido) to increase
2.
aumentar vi temperatura/presión to rise; velocidad to increase; precio/producción/valor to increase, rise

el niño aumentó 500 gramos — the child put on o gained 500 grams

su popularidad ha aumentado — his popularity has grown

aumentará el frío — it will become colder

aumentar de algo — de volumen/tamaño to increase in something

aumentó de peso — he put on o gained weight

* * *

= accelerate, augment, become + large, enhance, enlarge, escalate, expand, grow + larger, increase, raise, rise, strengthen, accentuate, grow, add to, deepen, mushroom, intensify, wax, swell, pump up, bump up, step up, spike, crank up, ramp up, move it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch, ratchet up, amp up, turn up.

Ex: In recent years, the pace of change has accelerated with the introduction of on-line information retrieval.

Ex: These sources which form the basis of the intellectual selection of terms may be augmented by the machine selection of terms.

Ex: If the number of categories becomes large, cross-references will be necessary between individual files.

Ex: An introduction explaining the nature and scope of the indexing language will enhance its value.

Ex: Here entry is made under the original author of an edition that has been revised, enlarged, updated, condensed, and so on by another person.

Ex: Over the past two to three years the numbers of full text data bases and data banks has started to escalate considerably.

Ex: As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.

Ex: As the system grows larger it's more difficult to maintain that control.

Ex: Recall is inversely proportional to precision, and vice versa, or in other words, as one increases, the other must decrease.

Ex: The speaker said that James estimated people function at only 20% of their capacity, and concluded that they could raise this percentage considerable if they knew how to manage their time more efficiently.

Ex: If suppliers are forced out of business, there will be less software to lend and prices will rise with the lack of competition.

Ex: He proposes a research agenda that could strengthen archival appraisal and the profession's ability to document society.

Ex: However, future trends may tend to accentuate this division.

Ex: No true reader can be expected to grow on a diet of prescribed texts only regardless of how well chosen they are.

Ex: In addition, Britain has one of the most extensive bodies of legislation in the world, which is added to daily and encrusted with myriad rules and regulations.

Ex: One of the effects of reading in children is that their appreciation of the processes and function of literature is deepened.

Ex: The use of electronic mail systems has mushroomed in the last 5 years in industrialised nations.

Ex: Whilst these achievements are commendable, there is a catch in them -- there can be used to 'intensify' the economic exploitation of women.

Ex: The population waxed again slightly, then waned again, until it finally stabilized around its present 55,000.

Ex: Reference work has been ill-served in the past by its expositors and theoreticians: its extensive literature of several hundred papers and books is swollen by a mass of the transient and the trivial.

Ex: The article ' Pump up the program...' identifies the costs and benefits of undertaking a software upgrade.

Ex: Most librarians will admit that they could probably increase the use made of their lending libraries and bump up their annual loans by stocking more romances and thrillers and fewer serious novels, but they do not do this.

Ex: The intensity of marketing to schools and parents will have to be stepped up by publishers if they are to succeed in the more competitive market.

Ex: Baby boomers are desperately trying to hold onto their salad days -- plastic surgery, vitamins and drugs like Viagra have spiked in public demand.

Ex: Refiners are cranking up diesel output to meet rising global demand.

Ex: EGND has hit a home run with the introduction of a new product line, increasing sales projections, and ramping up production schedules.

Ex: Liverpool and Chelsea are grabbing all the headlines, but Arsenal have quietly moved it up a gear scoring 10 goals in their last three league games.

Ex: Start gently, ease yourself in by breaking the workout down into three one minute sessions until you are ready to notch it up a gear and join them together.

Ex: There was not much to separate the sides in the first ten minutes however Arsenal took it up a gear and got the goal but not without a bit of luck.

Ex: We have a good time together and we're good friends.. but I'd like to take it up a notch.

Ex: David quickly comprehended our project needs and then cranked it up a notch with impactful design.

Ex: Went for a bike ride with a mate last week, no problems so will crank it up a gear and tackle some hills in the next few weeks.

Ex: After a regular walking routine is established, why not move it up a notch and start jogging, if you haven't already.

Ex: The health department has ratcheted up efforts to prevent or slow down the spread of swine flu in schools.

Ex: In order to gain strength fast, you need to immediately begin amping up your strength thermostat in your mind.

Ex: Cytokines are small proteins used to communicate messages between the immune cells in the immune system to either turn up or down the immune response.

* aumentar de importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + significance.

* aumentar de tamaño = grow in + size, grow + larger, increase in + size.

* aumentar de valor = increase in + value.

* aumentar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, deepen + awareness.

* aumentar el control = tighten (up) + control.

* aumentar el esfuerzo = increase + effort.

* aumentar el precio = mark up + price, jack up + the price.

* aumentar el presupuesto = add + monies to + budget.

* aumentar en cantidad = increase in + quantity.

* aumentar en número = grow in + numbers, increase in + numbers.

* aumentar en variedad = grow in + kind.

* aumentar la confusión = add to + the confusion.

* aumentar la experiencia = deepen + experience.

* aumentar la productividad = increase + productivity, boost + Posesivo + productivity.

* aumentar las diferencias entre... y = widen + the gap between... and.

* aumentar las posibilidades = increase + the odds.

* aumentar las probabilidades = shorten + the odds.

* aumentar las ventas = boost + sales.

* aumentar la velocidad = grow + faster.

* aumentar los costes = cost + rise.

* aumentar los impuestos = increase + taxes.

* aumentar los ingresos = boost + Posesivo + income.

* aumentar rápidamente = snowball.

* crisis + aumentar = crisis + deepen.

* estar aumentando = be on the increase.

* * *

aumentar [A1 ]

vt

1 ‹precio› to increase, raise, put up; ‹sueldo› to increase, raise; ‹cantidad/velocidad/tamaño› to increase; ‹producción/dosis› to increase, step up

el microscopio aumenta la imagen the microscope enlarges o magnifies the image

no hizo más que aumentar su dolor/miedo all it did was increase her pain/fear

esto aumentó la tensión this added to o increased the tension

2 ‹puntos› (en tejido) to increase

■ aumentar

vi

«temperatura» to rise; «presión» to rise, increase; «velocidad» to increase; «precio/producción/valor» to increase, rise

el niño aumentó 500 gramos the child put on o gained 500 grams

su popularidad ha aumentado his popularity has grown, he has gained in popularity

el costo de la vida aumentó en un 3% the cost of living rose by 3%

la dificultad de los ejercicios va aumentando the exercises get progressively more difficult

aumentará el frío durante el fin de semana it will become colder over the weekend

aumentar DE algo to increase IN sth

aumentó de volumen/tamaño it increased in volume/size

ha aumentado de peso he's put on o gained weight

* * *

aumentar ( conjugate aumentar) verbo transitivo
a) ( en general) to increase;

‹precio/sueldo› to increase, raise
b) (Opt) to magnify

verbo intransitivo [temperatura/presión] to rise;
[ velocidad] to increase;
[precio/producción/valor] to increase, rise;
◊ aumentará el frío it will become colder;

aumentar de algo ‹de volumen/tamaño› to increase in sth;
aumentó de peso he put on o gained weight
aumentar
I verbo transitivo to increase
Fot to enlarge
Ópt to magnify
II vi (una cantidad) to go up, rise
(de valor) to appreciate

' aumentar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alargar
- engordar
- explorar
- separar
- separarse
- doblar
- elevar
- multiplicar
- redoblar
English:
add to
- appreciate
- augment
- boost
- build up
- deepen
- efficiency
- enhance
- escalate
- gain
- grow
- heighten
- improve
- increase
- intensify
- jack up
- jump
- magnify
- mark up
- mount
- odds
- put up
- quantity
- raise
- rise
- snowball
- step up
- surge
- swell
- up
- add
- develop
- go
- put
- soar
- strengthen

* * *

aumentar

♦ vt

to increase;

aumentar la producción to increase production;

los enfrentamientos aumentaron la tensión en la zona the clashes increased the tension in the zone;

me han aumentado el sueldo my salary has been increased o raised;

la lente aumenta la imagen the lens magnifies the image;

aumentó casi 10 kilos he put on almost 10 kilos

♦ vi
[temperatura, precio, gastos, tensión] to increase, to rise; [velocidad] to increase;
aumentar de tamaño to increase in size;

aumentar de precio to go up o increase in price;

el desempleo aumentó en un 4 por ciento unemployment rose o increased by 4 percent;

con lo que come, no me sorprende que haya aumentado de peso it doesn't surprise me that he's put on weight, considering how much he eats

* * *

aumentar

I v/t increase; precio increase, raise, put up

II v/i de precio, temperatura rise, increase, go up

* * *

aumentar vt

acrecentar: to increase, to raise

aumentar vi

: to rise, to increase, to grow

* * *

aumentar vb

1. (hacer subir) to increase / to raise

han aumentado el número de plazas they've increased the number of places

el Gobierno aumentará los impuestos the government will raise taxes

2. (subir) to rise [pt. rose; pp. risen] / to increase

las temperaturas aumentan en verano temperatures rise in summer

aumenta el número de accidentes de moto the number of motorbike accidents is increasing

3. (con lupa, microscopio) to magnify [pt. & pp. magnified]

un instrumento que aumenta el tamaño de cosas pequeñas an instrument that magnifies the size of small things

Spanish-English dictionary > aumentar
17 causar

v.

1 to cause.

el accidente le causó graves lesiones he was seriously injured in the accident

el huracán causó estragos en la costa the hurricane wreaked havoc on the coast

el terremotó causó dos mil muertos two thousand people died in the earthquake, the earthquake killed two thousand people

El ácido úrico causa la gota Uric acid causes gout.

Ella causó que eso ocurriese She caused that to happen.

2 to be caused to.

Se nos causó un gran daño A great damage was caused to us.

* * *

causar

► verbo transitivo

1 (provocar) to cause, bring about

■ las inundaciones causaron daños cuantiosos the floods caused a great deal of damage

2 (proporcionar) to make, give

■ su visita me causó un gran placer her visit gave me great pleasure

■ el nuevo portero me ha causado muy mala impresión the new porter made a bad impression on me

* * *

verb

1) to cause

2) make

* * *

VT [+ problema, consecuencia, víctima] to cause; [+ impresión] to make

su mal carácter le causa muchos problemas — his temper causes him a lot of problems

el tobillo aún le causa algún problema — his ankle is still giving him trouble

la explosión causó heridas a dos personas — the explosion injured two people, the explosion left two people injured

la noticia ha causado gran preocupación — the news has caused enormous concern

sus declaraciones han causado el efecto esperado — her statements have produced o had the desired effect

el poema le causó una honda impresión — the poem made a great impression on him

su frialdad me causa un profundo dolor — I find his coolness very hurtful

• causar asombro a algn — to amaze sb

• causar emoción a algn — to move sb

• causar extrañeza a algn — to puzzle sb

• causar risa a algn — to make sb laugh

* * *

verbo transitivo <daños/problema/sufrimiento> to cause; < indignación> to cause, arouse; < alarma> to cause, provoke; < placer> to give

el incidente causó gran inquietud — the incident caused great unease

me causó muy buena impresión — I was very impressed with her

* * *

= cause, result (in), spark off, inflict, evoke, bring on, bring about, precipitate, give + cause to, give + rise to, give + occasion to.

Ex. As usage of the language causes terms to become anachronistic, or as increases in our level of awareness reveal undesirable connotations, we seek to change subject heading terms.

Ex. Objective 1 results in what is known as a direct catalogue, because it gives direct access to a specific document.

Ex. Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.

Ex. This article discusses the budget cuts inflicted on Australian libraries.

Ex. It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.

Ex. In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.

Ex. Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.

Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.

Ex. That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.

Ex. The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.

Ex. Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.

----

* causar ansiedad = cause + anxiety.

* causar buena impresión = impress, come across.

* causar confusión = wreak + confusion, cause + confusion.

* causar conmoción = cause + a ripple.

* causar consternación = cause + consternation.

* causar daño = do + harm, be injurious, cause + damage, cause + harm, cause + hurt, bring + harm, inflict + damage.

* causar daño corporal = cause + injury.

* causar daño material = cause + material injury.

* causar daños = cause + erosion.

* causar desórdenes = riot.

* causar destrozos = wreak + devastation.

* causar destrucción = wreak + destruction.

* causar dificultad = cause + difficulty.

* causar disturbios = riot.

* causar estragos = wreak + havoc, ravage, run + amok, cause + havoc, create + havoc, play + havoc with.

* causar graves daños a = bring + ruin to.

* causar impresión = make + impression.

* causar molestias = cause + disruption, inconvenience, cause + inconvenience.

* causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.

* causar muertos = take + a toll on life.

* causar pena = cause + hurt.

* causar pérdidas = cause + losses.

* causar perjuicio = bring + harm.

* causar preocupación = evoke + concern, cause + concern.

* causar problemas = cause + problems, cause + trouble, make + trouble.

* causar revuelo = cause + a stir, create + a stir.

* causar ruina a = bring + ruin to.

* causarse daño = bring + disaster on.

* causar sensación = be a sensation, cut + a swath(e), cut + a dash, make + heads turn, make + a big noise, cause + a sensation.

* causar sensación en el mundo = make + a big noise in the world.

* causar sorpresa = cause + an eyelid to bat.

* causar una buena primera impresión = make + a good first impression.

* causar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.

* causar una gran sensación = make + a splash.

* causar una guerra = precipitate + war.

* causar una impresión = leave + an impression, make + an impression.

* causar una primera impresión = make + a first impression.

* causar una reacción = cause + reaction.

* causar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.

* causar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons, make + a splash.

* que puede causar detención = arrestable.

* sin causar daño = harmlessly.

* * *

verbo transitivo <daños/problema/sufrimiento> to cause; < indignación> to cause, arouse; < alarma> to cause, provoke; < placer> to give

el incidente causó gran inquietud — the incident caused great unease

me causó muy buena impresión — I was very impressed with her

* * *

= cause, result (in), spark off, inflict, evoke, bring on, bring about, precipitate, give + cause to, give + rise to, give + occasion to.

Ex: As usage of the language causes terms to become anachronistic, or as increases in our level of awareness reveal undesirable connotations, we seek to change subject heading terms.

Ex: Objective 1 results in what is known as a direct catalogue, because it gives direct access to a specific document.

Ex: Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.

Ex: This article discusses the budget cuts inflicted on Australian libraries.

Ex: It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.

Ex: In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.

Ex: Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.

Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.

Ex: That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.

Ex: The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.

Ex: Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.

* causar ansiedad = cause + anxiety.

* causar buena impresión = impress, come across.

* causar confusión = wreak + confusion, cause + confusion.

* causar conmoción = cause + a ripple.

* causar consternación = cause + consternation.

* causar daño = do + harm, be injurious, cause + damage, cause + harm, cause + hurt, bring + harm, inflict + damage.

* causar daño corporal = cause + injury.

* causar daño material = cause + material injury.

* causar daños = cause + erosion.

* causar desórdenes = riot.

* causar destrozos = wreak + devastation.

* causar destrucción = wreak + destruction.

* causar dificultad = cause + difficulty.

* causar disturbios = riot.

* causar estragos = wreak + havoc, ravage, run + amok, cause + havoc, create + havoc, play + havoc with.

* causar graves daños a = bring + ruin to.

* causar impresión = make + impression.

* causar molestias = cause + disruption, inconvenience, cause + inconvenience.

* causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.

* causar muertos = take + a toll on life.

* causar pena = cause + hurt.

* causar pérdidas = cause + losses.

* causar perjuicio = bring + harm.

* causar preocupación = evoke + concern, cause + concern.

* causar problemas = cause + problems, cause + trouble, make + trouble.

* causar revuelo = cause + a stir, create + a stir.

* causar ruina a = bring + ruin to.

* causarse daño = bring + disaster on.

* causar sensación = be a sensation, cut + a swath(e), cut + a dash, make + heads turn, make + a big noise, cause + a sensation.

* causar sensación en el mundo = make + a big noise in the world.

* causar sorpresa = cause + an eyelid to bat.

* causar una buena primera impresión = make + a good first impression.

* causar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.

* causar una gran sensación = make + a splash.

* causar una guerra = precipitate + war.

* causar una impresión = leave + an impression, make + an impression.

* causar una primera impresión = make + a first impression.

* causar una reacción = cause + reaction.

* causar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.

* causar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons, make + a splash.

* que puede causar detención = arrestable.

* sin causar daño = harmlessly.

* * *

causar [A1 ]

vt

‹daños/problema› to cause; ‹indignación› to cause, arouse

el incidente causó gran inquietud the incident caused great unease

verlo así me causa gran tristeza it makes me very sad o it causes me great sadness o it fills me with sadness to see him like that

me causó muy buena impresión I was very impressed with her, she made a very good impression on me

este premio me causa gran satisfacción ( frml); I am delighted to receive this prize

me causó mucha gracia que dijera eso I thought it was o I found it very funny that she should say that

* * *

causar ( conjugate causar) verbo transitivo ‹daños/problema/sufrimiento› to cause;
‹ indignación› to cause, arouse;
‹ alarma› to cause, provoke;
‹ placer› to give;
◊ le causó mucha pena it made him very sad;

me causó muy buena impresión I was very impressed with her
causar verbo transitivo to cause, bring about: el desaliño causa mala impresión, untidiness makes a bad impression
le causó buena impresión, he was very impressed by him
me causó mucha alegría, it made me very happy

' causar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
admirar
- alborotar
- caer
- cobrarse
- dar
- darse
- deslumbrar
- determinar
- embarazar
- embriagar
- emocionar
- encandilar
- engordar
- espantar
- estragos
- estropear
- fastidiar
- hacer
- ilusionar
- impresión
- impresionar
- incomodar
- meter
- molestar
- molestia
- montar
- obrar
- parecer
- pesar
- plantear
- producir
- provocar
- repeler
- repercutir
- revolver
- salar
- sembrar
- traer
- trastornar
- turbar
- furor
- motivar
- propiciar
- saber
English:
bother
- cause
- derive
- foul up
- impression
- inflict
- painlessly
- riot
- sensation
- set
- start
- trouble
- wreak
- fire
- mischief
- rise

* * *

causar vt
[daños, problemas] to cause; [placer, satisfacción] to give;
el huracán causó estragos en la costa the hurricane wreaked havoc on the coast;

el terremoto causó dos mil muertos two thousand people died in the earthquake, the earthquake killed two thousand people;

el accidente le causó graves lesiones he was seriously injured in the accident;

causar (una) buena/mala impresión to make a good/bad impression;

me causa mucha felicidad saber que se hayan reconciliado it makes me very happy to know they've made up with one another;

esta crema a veces causa una sensación de picor this cream sometimes causes an itching sensation

* * *

causar

v/t daño cause; placer provide, give

* * *

causar vt

1) : to cause

2) : to provoke, to arouse

eso me causa gracia: that strikes me as being funny

* * *

causar vb

1. (provocar) to cause

las fuertes lluvias han causado inundaciones the heavy rain has caused flooding

no quiero causarte molestias I don't want to inconvenience you

2. (proporcionar) to make

me causó buena impresión she made a good impression on me

Spanish-English dictionary > causar
18 disputa

f.

dispute.

pres.indicat.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: disputar.

* * *

disputa

► nombre femenino

1 (discusión) dispute, argument, quarrel

2 (enfrentamiento) clash, struggle

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

sin disputa without dispute

tener una disputa to quarrel

* * *

noun f.

dispute

* * *

SF

1) (=discusión) dispute, argument

los asuntos en disputa — the matters in dispute o at issue

sin disputa — undoubtedly, beyond dispute

2) (=controversia) controversy

* * *

femenino

a) (discusión, pelea) quarrel, argument

b) ( controversia) dispute

es, sin disputa, la mejor — she is, without question, the best

* * *

= disputation, row, quarrel, fray, contest, run-in, altercation, dispute, wrangle, bickering, argument, squabble, squabbling, contestation, tug of war, spat, war of words, dust-up, grievance.

Ex. Academic disputations are generally entered under the heading for the faculty moderator.

Ex. The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.

Ex. The following account of a quarrel which took place in about 1540 between Thomas Platter and Balthasar Ruch comes from Platter's autobiography = El siguiente relato de la pelea que tuvo lugar alreadedor de 1540 entre Thomas Platter y Balthasar Ruch procede de la autobiografía del mismo Platter.

Ex. The academic librarian, by remaining neutral, can stay above the fray and does not need to take sides in order to provide scholars with access to the truth.

Ex. Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.

Ex. 'When you've been here a while, you'll see that it's hard to avoid run-ins with her,' Lehmann spoke up.

Ex. Then I came within this disagreeable person's atmosphere, and lo! before I know what's happened I'm involved in an unpleasant altercation.

Ex. In practice meetings of the Council of Ministers -- the Community's main legislative body -- have in recent years become a forum for acrimonious dispute.

Ex. This is a history of The Old Librarian's Almanack (a pamphlet produced as a hoax in 1909) and of the literary wrangles which ensued from its publication.

Ex. Even if the management decided to make an arbitrary decision, it would be better than the endless bickering and ad-hoc measures we are having to put up with.

Ex. We do not want to see young assistants at the counter getting involved in an argument.

Ex. One might mistakenly be left with the impression that the crisis is a mere 'banana republic' squabble over power.

Ex. The DVD-RW drive has arrived but not without lots of squabbling among industry competitors.

Ex. These relations are constructed through negotiations and contestations that cannot be easily divorced from cultural context.

Ex. Library administrators might be able to predict their fortunes in the academic tug of war for funds if they understood more clearly the attitudes of institutional administrators towards libraries.

Ex. It also includes a blow-by-blow account of spats between management and labor.

Ex. War of words exposed chinks in coalition.

Ex. The annual global dust-up over whale hunting is about to kick off again.

Ex. So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).

----

* disputa + continuar = dispute + rage.

* disputa industrial = industrial dispute, industrial action.

* disputa + perdurar = dispute + rage.

* resolución de disputas = dispute settlement.

* resolver una disputa = settle + dispute.

* * *

femenino

a) (discusión, pelea) quarrel, argument

b) ( controversia) dispute

es, sin disputa, la mejor — she is, without question, the best

* * *

= disputation, row, quarrel, fray, contest, run-in, altercation, dispute, wrangle, bickering, argument, squabble, squabbling, contestation, tug of war, spat, war of words, dust-up, grievance.

Ex: Academic disputations are generally entered under the heading for the faculty moderator.

Ex: The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.

Ex: The following account of a quarrel which took place in about 1540 between Thomas Platter and Balthasar Ruch comes from Platter's autobiography = El siguiente relato de la pelea que tuvo lugar alreadedor de 1540 entre Thomas Platter y Balthasar Ruch procede de la autobiografía del mismo Platter.

Ex: The academic librarian, by remaining neutral, can stay above the fray and does not need to take sides in order to provide scholars with access to the truth.

Ex: Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.

Ex: 'When you've been here a while, you'll see that it's hard to avoid run-ins with her,' Lehmann spoke up.

Ex: Then I came within this disagreeable person's atmosphere, and lo! before I know what's happened I'm involved in an unpleasant altercation.

Ex: In practice meetings of the Council of Ministers -- the Community's main legislative body -- have in recent years become a forum for acrimonious dispute.

Ex: This is a history of The Old Librarian's Almanack (a pamphlet produced as a hoax in 1909) and of the literary wrangles which ensued from its publication.

Ex: Even if the management decided to make an arbitrary decision, it would be better than the endless bickering and ad-hoc measures we are having to put up with.

Ex: We do not want to see young assistants at the counter getting involved in an argument.

Ex: One might mistakenly be left with the impression that the crisis is a mere 'banana republic' squabble over power.

Ex: The DVD-RW drive has arrived but not without lots of squabbling among industry competitors.

Ex: These relations are constructed through negotiations and contestations that cannot be easily divorced from cultural context.

Ex: Library administrators might be able to predict their fortunes in the academic tug of war for funds if they understood more clearly the attitudes of institutional administrators towards libraries.

Ex: It also includes a blow-by-blow account of spats between management and labor.

Ex: War of words exposed chinks in coalition.

Ex: The annual global dust-up over whale hunting is about to kick off again.

Ex: So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).

* disputa + continuar = dispute + rage.

* disputa industrial = industrial dispute, industrial action.

* disputa + perdurar = dispute + rage.

* resolución de disputas = dispute settlement.

* resolver una disputa = settle + dispute.

* * *

disputa

feminine

1 (discusión, pelea) quarrel, argument

2 (controversia) dispute

ha sido objeto de una larga disputa it has been the source of a long-running dispute

es, sin disputa, la mejor she is, without question, the best

3 (combate) fight

* * *

Del verbo disputar: ( conjugate disputar)

disputa es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
disputa
disputar
disputa sustantivo femenino
a) (discusión, pelea) quarrel, argument

b) ( combate) fight

c) ( controversia) dispute

disputar ( conjugate disputar) verbo transitivo
a) disputale algo a algn ‹ título› to challenge sb for sth;

◊ le disputaban su derecho a la herencia they contested his right to the inheritance

b) ‹ partido› to play;

‹ combate› to fight
disputarse verbo pronominal:
◊ se disputan el primer puesto they are competing for first place

disputa sustantivo femenino
1 (enfrentamiento) dispute
(por un puesto, etc) contest
2 (riña, pelea) argument
disputar
I verbo intransitivo
1 (debatir) disputaban sobre ello acaloradamente, they were arguing heatedly about it
2 (competir por) to contest: han disputado la carrera dos de los mejores atletas, two of the best athletes competed in the race
II verbo transitivo
1 (competir) to compete: le disputa la presidencia a Gómez, he is competing against Gómez for the presidency
2 Dep (un encuentro) to play

' disputa' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acalorada
- acalorado
- bronca
- concesión
- discusión
- disgusto
- disputar
- disputarse
- margen
- trabar
- agrio
- arbitrar
- litigio
- lugar
- originar
- pleito
- querella
English:
acrimonious
- contention
- dispute
- embroil
- feud
- fight
- quarrel
- quarreling
- quarrelling
- row
- squabble
- wrangle
- settle

* * *

disputa nf

1. [discusión] dispute, argument

2. [competición] contest;

la disputa por el título de liga the battle for the league title;

entrar en la disputa por algo to enter the contest for sth;

hay mucha disputa para conseguir el puesto there's a lot of competition for the post

3. [polémica] dispute;

mediar o [m5] terciar en la disputa to intervene in the dispute;

es, sin disputa, el más lujoso it is indisputably o unquestionably the most luxurious

* * *

disputa

f dispute;

sin disputa undoubtedly

* * *

disputa nf

altercado, discusión: dispute, argument

Spanish-English dictionary > disputa
19 fregado

m.

washing, scour, scouring, scrub.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: fregar.

* * *

fregado

► nombre masculino

1 (lavado) washing; (frotado) scrubbing

2 familiar (riña) fight, quarrel; (lío) mess, muddle

* * *

noun m.

scrubbing

* * *
fregado, -a
1. ADJ

1) LAm * (=molesto) annoying

2) LAm * (=difícil) [trabajo, tarea] tricky; [carácter, persona] fussy

3) LAm * [persona] (=en mala situación económica) broke *; (=deprimido) down, in a bad way *; (=dañado, enfermo) in a bad way *

le quedó la pierna fregada después del accidente — his leg was in a bad way after the accident *

ando muy fregado del estómago — my stomach is in a really bad way *

4) LAm * (=puñetero) damn *, lousy *, bloody **

5) Col, Perú (=astuto) cunning

6) Chile, Col, Perú, Ven (=estricto) strict

2.

SM / F LAm (=persona difícil) fussy person

3. SM

1) (=acción de fregar) [con fregona] mopping; [con estropajo, cepillo] scrubbing; [con esponja, trapo] washing; [de platos] washing-up

2) * (=lío) mess

está siempre metido en algún fregado — he's always involved in shady business

3) * (=riña) row

* * *
I
- da adjetivo

1) (AmL exc RPl fam)

a) ( molesto) annoying

no seas fregado, hombre! — stop being such a pain o a bore (colloq)

qué niño más fregado! — that kid's a real pest (colloq)

b) ( difícil) <examen/tema> tricky (colloq), tough (colloq); <persona/carácter> difficult

el asunto está fregado — it's all very iffy

c) [estar] (enfermo, delicado) in a bad way (colloq)

d) [estar] ( sin dinero) broke (colloq)

2) (Andes, Ven fam) ( exigente) strict

3) (Col, Per fam) ( astuto) sly, sneaky (colloq)
II
- da masculino, femenino

1) (AmL exc RPl fam) ( persona difícil) difficult person

2) fregado masculino

a) ( restregadura) scrub, scrubbing

dar un fregado a algo — to give something a scrub

b) (Esp) (fam) ( lío) mess

* * *

= mess, row, fray, wrangle, spat, squabbling, squabble, bickering, fracas.

Ex. 'Look, Mel,' said James after the hiatus, 'I'm irritated at the convoluted mess this simple case of filling a vacancy has become'.

Ex. The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.

Ex. The academic librarian, by remaining neutral, can stay above the fray and does not need to take sides in order to provide scholars with access to the truth.

Ex. This is a history of The Old Librarian's Almanack (a pamphlet produced as a hoax in 1909) and of the literary wrangles which ensued from its publication.

Ex. It also includes a blow-by-blow account of spats between management and labor.

Ex. The DVD-RW drive has arrived but not without lots of squabbling among industry competitors.

Ex. One might mistakenly be left with the impression that the crisis is a mere 'banana republic' squabble over power.

Ex. Even if the management decided to make an arbitrary decision, it would be better than the endless bickering and ad-hoc measures we are having to put up with.

Ex. There are, as I see it, approximately three positions one can take on the matter, each with its own adherents in the current fracas.

----

* meterse en todos los fregados = have + a finger in every pie.

* * *
I
- da adjetivo

1) (AmL exc RPl fam)

a) ( molesto) annoying

no seas fregado, hombre! — stop being such a pain o a bore (colloq)

qué niño más fregado! — that kid's a real pest (colloq)

b) ( difícil) <examen/tema> tricky (colloq), tough (colloq); <persona/carácter> difficult

el asunto está fregado — it's all very iffy

c) [estar] (enfermo, delicado) in a bad way (colloq)

d) [estar] ( sin dinero) broke (colloq)

2) (Andes, Ven fam) ( exigente) strict

3) (Col, Per fam) ( astuto) sly, sneaky (colloq)
II
- da masculino, femenino

1) (AmL exc RPl fam) ( persona difícil) difficult person

2) fregado masculino

a) ( restregadura) scrub, scrubbing

dar un fregado a algo — to give something a scrub

b) (Esp) (fam) ( lío) mess

* * *

= mess, row, fray, wrangle, spat, squabbling, squabble, bickering, fracas.

Ex: 'Look, Mel,' said James after the hiatus, 'I'm irritated at the convoluted mess this simple case of filling a vacancy has become'.

Ex: The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.

Ex: The academic librarian, by remaining neutral, can stay above the fray and does not need to take sides in order to provide scholars with access to the truth.

Ex: This is a history of The Old Librarian's Almanack (a pamphlet produced as a hoax in 1909) and of the literary wrangles which ensued from its publication.

Ex: It also includes a blow-by-blow account of spats between management and labor.

Ex: The DVD-RW drive has arrived but not without lots of squabbling among industry competitors.

Ex: One might mistakenly be left with the impression that the crisis is a mere 'banana republic' squabble over power.

Ex: Even if the management decided to make an arbitrary decision, it would be better than the endless bickering and ad-hoc measures we are having to put up with.

Ex: There are, as I see it, approximately three positions one can take on the matter, each with its own adherents in the current fracas.

* meterse en todos los fregados = have + a finger in every pie.

* * *

fregado¹ -da

adjective

A ( AmL exc RPl fam)

1 (molesto) annoying

¡no seas fregado, hombre, ven con nosotros! stop being such a pain o a bore and come with us ( colloq)

¡qué niño más fregado!, no me ha dejado descansar ni un momento that kid's a real pest o nuisance, he hasn't given me a moment's peace ( colloq)

2 (difícil) ‹examen/tema› tricky ( colloq), tough ( colloq); ‹persona/carácter› difficult

el asunto está fregado, no creo que nos lo den it's all very iffy o things are a bit tricky, I don't think they'll give it to us ( colloq)

con la edad se ha puesto muy fregado he's become very cantankerous o difficult in his old age

3 (fastidiado) in a bad way

anda muy fregado he's in a terrible state o in a very bad way ( colloq)

B (Andes, Ven fam) (exigente) strict

es muy fregado con la puntualidad he's a real stickler for punctuality, he's really strict about punctuality

C (Col, Per fam) (astuto) sly, sneaky ( colloq)

fregado² -da

masculine, feminine

A ( AmL exc RPl fam) (persona difícil) difficult person

B

fregado masculine

1 ( fam) (lío) mess

2 (restregadura) scrub, scrubbing barrida A 1. (↑ barrida)

* * *

Del verbo fregar: ( conjugate fregar)

fregado es:

el participio

Multiple Entries:
fregado
fregar
fregado
◊ -da adjetivo (AmL exc RPl fam)

a) ( molesto) annoying;

◊ ¡no seas fregado, hombre! stop being such a pain (colloq)

b) ( difícil) ‹examen/tema› tricky (colloq), tough (colloq);

‹persona/carácter› difficult
c) [estar] (enfermo, delicado) in a bad way (colloq);

( sin dinero) broke (colloq)
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino (AmL exc RPl fam) ( persona difícil) difficult person
fregar ( conjugate fregar) verbo transitivo
1 (lavar, limpiar) to wash;
◊ fregué el suelo I washed the floor;

( con cepillo) I scrubbed the floor;
◊ fregado los platos to wash the dishes, to do the dishes (colloq)

2 (AmL exc RPl fam)
a) ( molestar) to bug (colloq)

b) ‹planes/vacaciones› to ruin

verbo intransitivo
1 ( lavar los platos) to wash the dishes, to do the dishes (colloq);
( limpiar) to clean;
( restregar) to scrub
2 (AmL exc RPl fam) ( molestar):
◊ ¡déjate de fregado! stop being such a pest!;

¡no friegues! ( no digas) you're kidding! (colloq)
fregarse verbo pronominal
1 (AmL fam) ( embromarse):
◊ ¡te friegas! tough! (colloq);

¡me fregué! I've really done it now! (colloq)
2 (AmL exc RPl fam) ( malograrse):
◊ se fregadoon nuestros planes that's ruined o messed up our plans (colloq)

fregado sustantivo masculino
1 (lavado) washing
2 (asunto complicado) messy affair: no quiero que me metas en tus fregados, I don't want you to involve me in your messes
3 LAm fam (molestia) pain in the neck: cuidar de tus amigos es un fregado, it's a pain in the neck to have to take care of your friends
fregar verbo transitivo
1 (limpiar con agua) to wash: hoy te toca fregar los platos, today is your turn to do the dishes
yo fregaré el suelo, I'll mop the floor
2 LAm fam to annoy, irritate
' fregado' also found in these entries:
English:
scrub
- washing-up

* * *

fregado, -a

♦ adj
Andes, Méx, Ven Fam
1. [persona] [ser] annoying;

mi vecino es muy fregado my neighbour's a real pain

2. [persona] [estar]
perdí las llaves, ¡estoy fregada! I've lost my keys, I've had it!

3. [situación] tricky;

este problema es muy fregado this problem is really tricky o a real stinker

4. [objeto] bust;

ese reloj está fregado that watch has had it

♦ nm

1. [lavado] [de platos, suelo] wash;
[frotando] scrub
2. Fam [lío] mess;

meterse en un fregado to get into a mess

3. Fam [discusión] row, rumpus

♦ nm,f
Andes, Méx, Ven Fam [persona] pain, awkward customer;
tu hermano es un fregado your brother's an awkward little beggar

* * *

fregado

I adj L.Am.

annoying

II m

1 de platos washing; del suelo mopping; frotando scrubbing

2 fam ( lío) mess;

meterse en un buen fregado fig fam get into a fine mess fam

* * *

fregado, -da adj, fam : annoying, bothersome

fregado nm

1) : scrubbing, scouring

2) fam : mess, muddle

Spanish-English dictionary > fregado
20 reyerta

f.

1 fight, brawl.

2 quarrel, dispute, fight, brawl.

3 armed dispute, war.

* * *

reyerta

► nombre femenino

1 quarrel, row, fight

* * *

SF quarrel

* * *

femenino brawl, fight

* * *

= row, wrangle, bickering, squabble, squabbling, dogfight [dog fight], brawl, scuffle, scuffling, spat, affray, dust-up, fracas, fracas.

Ex. The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.

Ex. This is a history of The Old Librarian's Almanack (a pamphlet produced as a hoax in 1909) and of the literary wrangles which ensued from its publication.

Ex. Even if the management decided to make an arbitrary decision, it would be better than the endless bickering and ad-hoc measures we are having to put up with.

Ex. One might mistakenly be left with the impression that the crisis is a mere 'banana republic' squabble over power.

Ex. The DVD-RW drive has arrived but not without lots of squabbling among industry competitors.

Ex. The article recounts the 17-day political dogfight at which John W. Davis was eventually given the Democratic presidential nomination.

Ex. About 75% of all personal acts of violence (murder, assault and battery), 90% of vandalism, 75% of public brawls, & more than 50% of burglaries & thefts are alcohol-related.

Ex. The focus of the discussion is less on the altercation than on the reactions of the teacher and the students not only to the fight but also to the atmosphere of the classroom after the scuffle.

Ex. Violence in public places (eg, pubs, clubs, discos) is limited mainly to threats & scuffling.

Ex. It also includes a blow-by-blow account of spats between management and labor.

Ex. The Public Order Act 1986 contains many of the more common public order offences such as riot, affray and threatening behaviour.

Ex. The annual global dust-up over whale hunting is about to kick off again.

Ex. There are, as I see it, approximately three positions one can take on the matter, each with its own adherents in the current fracas.

Ex. There are, as I see it, approximately three positions one can take on the matter, each with its own adherents in the current fracas.

----

* reyerta pública = affray.

* * *

femenino brawl, fight

* * *

= row, wrangle, bickering, squabble, squabbling, dogfight [dog fight], brawl, scuffle, scuffling, spat, affray, dust-up, fracas, fracas.

Ex: The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.

Ex: This is a history of The Old Librarian's Almanack (a pamphlet produced as a hoax in 1909) and of the literary wrangles which ensued from its publication.

Ex: Even if the management decided to make an arbitrary decision, it would be better than the endless bickering and ad-hoc measures we are having to put up with.

Ex: One might mistakenly be left with the impression that the crisis is a mere 'banana republic' squabble over power.

Ex: The DVD-RW drive has arrived but not without lots of squabbling among industry competitors.

Ex: The article recounts the 17-day political dogfight at which John W. Davis was eventually given the Democratic presidential nomination.

Ex: About 75% of all personal acts of violence (murder, assault and battery), 90% of vandalism, 75% of public brawls, & more than 50% of burglaries & thefts are alcohol-related.

Ex: The focus of the discussion is less on the altercation than on the reactions of the teacher and the students not only to the fight but also to the atmosphere of the classroom after the scuffle.

Ex: Violence in public places (eg, pubs, clubs, discos) is limited mainly to threats & scuffling.

Ex: It also includes a blow-by-blow account of spats between management and labor.

Ex: The Public Order Act 1986 contains many of the more common public order offences such as riot, affray and threatening behaviour.

Ex: The annual global dust-up over whale hunting is about to kick off again.

Ex: There are, as I see it, approximately three positions one can take on the matter, each with its own adherents in the current fracas.

Ex: There are, as I see it, approximately three positions one can take on the matter, each with its own adherents in the current fracas.

* reyerta pública = affray.

* * *

reyerta

feminine

brawl, fight

* * *

reyerta sustantivo femenino brawl, fracas, fight
' reyerta' also found in these entries:
English:
brawl
- punch-up
- scuffle

* * *

reyerta nf

fight, brawl

* * *

reyerta

f fight

* * *

reyerta nf

: brawl, fight

Spanish-English dictionary > reyerta

Страницы

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crisis — n. 1) to cause, precipitate, provoke, stir up a crisis 2) to aggravate a crisis 3) to avert, forestall a crisis 4) to defuse, overcome, settle a crisis; to ride out a crisis 5) an acute, grave, serious; impending; mounting crisis 6) a cabinet;… … Combinatory dictionary
crisis — noun ADJECTIVE ▪ acute, grave, major, serious, severe, terrible, worst ▪ the worst economic crisis for fifty years ▪ … Collocations dictionary
Budget of the European Union — European Union This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the European Union … Wikipedia

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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budget crisis

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